Risk Management Plan For Accreditation Of Healthcare...

As indicated by The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), risk management is defined as â€Å"clinical and administrative activities undertaken to identify, evaluate, and reduce the risk of injury to patients, staff, and visitors, and the risk of loss to the organization itself† (The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, 2005). Outlined below is a risk management plan which consists of goals, responsibilities, roles, definitions, emergency plans, contingency plans, departmental organization, and recommendations to certify that proper compliance of the plan will moderate and prepare employees, guests, and the facility itself to properly execute and diminish any health or safety-related risks. Risk Management Purpose The intended purpose of the risk management plan is to safeguard the health and safety of patients, personnel and visitors from unintentional incidents (Health Providers Service Organization, 2010). The plan is also intended to protect the organization’s financial belongings, reputation, and public status (Health Providers Service Organization, 2010). The risk management plan will prove its vitality as a necessary instrument for executing the organization’s overall risk management plan (Health Providers Service Organization, 2010). The plan is devised to deliver direction and structure to enhance the organization’s clinical and business related services as they continue to motivate quality patient care in aShow MoreRelatedRegulatory Agency Briefing Paper : The Joint Commission Essay1437 Words   |  6 PagesHealth Care Organization Andrew Oppenberg April 27, 2015 Abstract Accreditation provides a competitive advantage in the health care industry and strengthens community confidence in safety of care and treatment. Accredited hospitals provide higher quality of care to patients. It improves risk management and risk reduction and helps in organizing and strengthens patient safety efforts. It enhances recruitment and staff education and provides education on god practices to improve healthcare operationsRead MoreHealth Employer Data And Information Set866 Words   |  4 Pagesis a data collecting instrument that the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) uses to compare healthcare services on a side by side evaluation. HEDIS is also a nonprofit organizations that care about patient safety and accreditation. HEDIS is an accreditation program that was initiated in 1991 as a centralized database for employers to assess the quality of insurance and healthcare providers nationwide. HEDIS forth strict regulations and benchmarks that must be met and sustained in orderRead MoreComponents Of A Risk Management Program1170 Words   |  5 PagesEvery healthcare organization, no matter how small or specialized, should be aware of its risk situation and take appropriate measures to protect itself against clinical, financial and operational exposures. Risk management is the process of minimizing risk to an organization by developing systems to identify and analyze potential hazards to prevent accidents, injuries, and other adverse occurrences, and by attempting to handle events and incidents which do occur in such a manner that their effectRead MoreExecutive Summary1440 Words   |  6 PagesSummary - Infection Control and Prevention Current Compliance Status for Joint Commission Accreditation Nightingale Community Hospital is committed to providing healthcare excellence, a healing environment and to be the choice for patient care. In order to continue to provide quality healthcare services in accordance with our values of safety, community, teamwork, and accountability Joint Commission Accreditation provides guidelines and standards for the Priority Focus Areas (PFA) for the welfareRead MoreThe Delivery Of Health Services1120 Words   |  5 PagesThe St. Mark’s Hospital Risk Management Plan assists in achieving this goal by continually identifying and reducing risk exposures to all members of our hospital community in accordance with applicable federal and state statutes and regulations, as well as the standards set forth by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. Purpose The purpose of the St. Mark s Hospital Risk Management Plan is to outline the operational functions of the Risk Management Program inthrough assistingRead MoreThe Joint Commission Visit1404 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals (JCAH). JCAH was formed as an independent, not-for-profit organization whose primary purpose was to provide voluntary accreditation for meeting established minimum quality standards. It was not until 1970 that the standards of quality were reformed to represent the highest achievable levels, instead of minimum necessary levels. In 1987, the company was renamed the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), which was shortenedRead MoreEvaluation Of The Joint Commission1516 Words   |  7 Pagescurrent accreditation, or receive payment. The three organizations setting these standards are The Joint Commission (TJC), The Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities (CARF), and The Center for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS). The Joint Commission (TJC), in an independent, not for profit, organization that accredits healthcare organizations. The Commission was founded in 1951 with the goal of improving healthcare to the pubic by working with steak holders, evaluating healthcare organizationsRead MoreImproving Health Care Standards Of The United States957 Words   |  4 Pages It had been found that healthcare quality in the United States is substandard and that the acknowledgment of needed healthcare varies extensively. While it is recognized that even the most vigorous accreditation programs will never eliminate all the disputes within medical facilities and services being accredited; it is vital that steps are taken to ominously improve quality and in doing so will reduce risk. Pursuing accreditation unveils a pledge to the improvement of quality in health care. NumerousRead MoreReport on Continuity Planning Overview1010 Words   |  5 PagesDisaster Recovery Management July 13, 2014 Business continuity planning and disaster recovery capability will become compulsory for all healthcare business for the first time in the United States healthcare industry. The health insurance portability and accountability act (HIPAA) that was passed by the United States congress in 1996 has a part of its phased implementation Security Guidelines, which refers to information security. This section dictates that all healthcare organizations who use healthcareRead MoreKaiser Permanentes Role For The Care Delivery Process1562 Words   |  7 PagesKaiser Permanente is one of the most prominent health care organizations in the Nation; they do everything such as offer top notch healthcare technologies, great emergency services, excellent physicians, pharmaceuticals, laboratory needs, and hospital services. Due to their every growing organization, they are always looking for great employees to bring on board and develop into their lifelong career. According to Kaiser Permanente Career s (2014), â€Å"There is a reason you choose to bring your career

The Effects Of Alcohol During Pregnancy On Children

Alcohol is a TERATOGEN, meaning that it will cause developmental damage to a FETUS or EMBRYO. The degree to which a TERATOGEN wreaks havoc on an unborn child largely depends on four factors: dosage, heredity, age, and additional negative factors. The most vulnerable prenatal period is during the stage of embryonic development, which occurs between the third and eighth weeks of pregnancy. Once alcohol penetrates the PLACENTA and enters the fetal bloodstream it hinders the neurons inside the child’s neural tube, negatively impacting their creation and ability to send signals to one another. The consumption of alcohol during pregnancy can cause FETAL ALCOHOL SPECTRUM DISORDER (FASD), which includes three different levels of severity with the first and most serious level being FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME (FAS). FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME is a serious condition that affects both a child’s PHENOTYPE and GENOTYPE. This condition is characterized by delayed growth causing lower tha n normal height and weight, brain damage (made apparent through an observably smaller sized cranium, accompanied with at least three areas of reduced cognitive functioning), and its iconic facial distortions including wide set eyes, an abnormal philtrum, and a thinner upper lip. Brain damage is probably the most serious of the accompanying conditions. The brain is actually structured differently, and the differences are made clear on an MRI. The ability to control one’s muscles properly, as well as poorShow MoreRelatedThe Truth About What Alcohol Abuse Does to a Fetus1118 Words   |  5 PagesThe Truth About Fetal Alcohol Abuse Would you have ever thought of physically, mentally, and/or emotionally harming an unborn child? In the 1990s people have noted the significant impact alcohol-related birth defects are having on our society then and now. My essay will discuss alcohol consumption among pregnant women and its adverse effects on fetal development. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome or FAS is physical and mental health problem that destroys a childs learning development.Read MoreHow Substance Abuse Negatively Affects The Baby While During1328 Words   |  6 PagesHow substance abuse negatively affects the baby while during a woman’s pregnancy. Many women across the world cause complications to their unborn child when they choose to abuse substance. There are many types of substance abuse such as alcohol, tobacco, and drug abuse. Most likely when women choose to engage in these types of activities it causes harm to the child and birth defects. Long term and short term deformities and conditions are present in the child. Other factors play a part into whyRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome And Its Effects1712 Words   |  7 Pages Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and its Effects On a Child’s Cognitive Development Dane D. Hrencher Kansas State University Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and its Effects On a Child’s Cognitive Development Alcohol is known as one the most dangerous teratogens. Every time a pregnant woman drinks, she allows alcohol to enter her blood stream and make its way into the placenta. Unlike the mother, the fetus is unable to break down alcohol that makes the blood alcohol level of the fetus the same orRead MoreThe Effects Of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure On Children1388 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure On average, one in thirteen pregnant women have admitted to consuming one or more alcoholic beverage in their previous thirty days of pregnancy (â€Å"Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders†). Though one drink may seem miniscule in the scope of an eight to nine month pregnancy, any amount of alcohol exposure can be detrimental to a developing child, leading to life-changing disorders such as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Fetal alcohol syndrome, a severe potential consequenceRead MorePrenatal Alcohol Exposure And Childhood Behavior At Age 6822 Words   |  4 PagesDelaney-Black, V. (2001). Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Childhood Behavior at Age 6 to 7 Years: I. Dose- Response Effect. Research Question. The main research question proposed in this study: 1) does alcohol affect children prenatally. The hypothesis that researchers draw is if there are adverse effects of children who were exposed to a low dosage of alcohol at the age of 6 to 7 years of age. This study wanted to find the amount of alcohol it would take for children to exhibit problem behaviors.Read MoreEssay on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome1598 Words   |  7 Pageswomen drinks heavily during her pregnancy? It can lead to permanent, irreversible and incurable effects that will bring a lifetime of pain for both the child and the family. These permanent and unchangeable effects arise from a fetus attaining fetal alcohol syndrome from its mother. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a pattern of malformations and disabilities resulting from a pregnant woman drinking heavily during her pregnancy. FAS is unique in that effects on the children are directly linkedRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On Reproductive Health1376 Words   |  6 Pagesknown as Teratogens. Teratogens can stop the pregnancy outright, or in cases of full term pregnancies, cause birth defects to the child. Some categories of teratogens are environmental and subjective teratogens. Environmental teratogens relate to environmental factors that cause birth defects or termination of a pregnancy. Subjective teratogens are substances in which the mother consumes that cause defects to the child or also termination of a pregnancy. Substances such as air pollution, pesticidesRead More Alcohol And The Fetus Essay1518 Words   |  7 Pages Know When to Say When nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Drinking during pregnancy is often thought of as no big deal. However, drinking during pregnancy is a very big deal. An unborn baby’s life is in the hands of the mother. If she decides to drink, she is risking the unborn’s chances of being as smart and healthy as it can be. Drinking during pregnancy opens the doors to a variety of harmful effects on the mother and her unborn baby, and until this is brought out in the open with honesty, it cannotRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1699 Words   |  7 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a condition affecting children born to women who drink heavily during pregnancy. There are three criteria used to describe the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure and to make a diagnosis of FAS. The first of these is a pattern of facial anomalies, these features include: #61558; Small eye openings #61558; Flat cheekbones #61558; Flattened groove between nose and upper lip #61558; Thin upper lip These characteristicsRead MoreThe Effects Of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome On The Children850 Words   |  4 Pageson what to expect during pregnancy and after birth. It is important to teach parents how to care for their infant inside and outside of the womb. The nurse will need to educate parents on lifestyle changes that will promote optimal health in their infant. The nurse will determine education based on the parents’ lifestyles and habits such as cessation of smoking and drinking of alcoholic beverages. This paper will aim to further educate individuals in regards to what fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is

Konseptong Papel free essay sample

Mendez, Cavite Phone No. : 046-8611405 Mobile No. : 0907-1120262 E-mail: ibx. [emailprotected] com Ref: CTG2013-02Date: 01/28/2013 To, Ms. Gina Villanueva Summer Breeze (Dencio’s Restaurant) Subject:Price Quotation for CCTV package and Installation Dear Sir/Madam Thank you for your interest in our services. Please review the following cost bellow of CCTV Cameras, DVR, Server Monitor and materials Payment Terms and Conditions: Taka 60% of quoted value should be paid along with work order and rest 40% should be paid at the date of job completion. GUARANTEE: One (1) year on the finishing works and workmanship from the date of completion excluding any damages or defects caused directly or indirectly by wrongful action of the purchaser, third parties, of Act of God, which include all fortuitous event. This guarantee is null and void unless all accounts due are paid in full. We hope to serve you for the best of your interest. Kindly confirm your acceptance by signing on the space provided below Thank you, Yours faithfully,Conforme: __________________ ___________________ Date: ______________

My intro free essay sample

As I glanced beyond the rough glass, my body gave me an incentive to sprint outdoors. What appeared as the most beautiful day of the year, was quickly consumed by my extensive shift hours and careless work ethics. The shabby white colored apron hung heavily around my neck, leaving a sizable rash followed by a sense of irritation on my skin. I had been at Uncle Pauls Restaurant for only three hours when Shannon, the shift manager, gently grabbed my arm and said â€Å"Today, were a little slow; why don’t you take the day off.† My body did not move, yet I smiled vigorously to let her know my response. Shortly after my intervention with Shannon, I was outdoors, entirely free and far away from my responsibilities. It was early, however, I knew my time was extremely valuable. As I walked towards my neighborhood, I was drawn to the vast forest which stood within a mile from my house. We will write a custom essay sample on My intro or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Twisted misshaped trees that seemed to erect from fallen leaves and wasted ivy. The smell of rotting wood oozed through the air, as I watched the last glimmer of light disappear within the forest. It was surely an unusual sight, however I could not pull away; for what began as a strange attraction, soon became an idea. My life needed a kick of irregularity, and there was no better way of starting than spending some quality time deep within nature.

buy custom Nurses Associate Certification essay

buy custom Nurses Associate Certification essay Nurses associate certification with pay increase, better-paying jobs, respect and improved self-image. However, not all benefits of certification are real. Some people may question the rationale of a nurse having to incur additional expenses in terms of time, money and energy merely to put additional initials in front of his name. This, though, is not where the main problem lies. The main problem is with the perceptions associated with certification. The state of affairs in nursing profession is far from settled and the certification designs to be adopted in future certifications remain uncertain. Tenney, Demoucell and Wians (1992). Woods (2009) notes that in the year 2001, 341,000 certifications were made, spanning in 134 specialties. The certifications were made by 67 different certifying organizations. The main reason for this high number of certifications was the marketing potential that nurses believed, and continue to believe certification has. However, these figures are an indication of a reduction in the number of nurses who have been seeking certification since the early 1990s. According to recent research, specialty nurse training and education can improve the quality of care given to patients. Specialty nurse certification can also improve the job satisfaction of nurses, leading to a sense of empowerment. Additionally, it may result in positive effect collaboration among team members in the healthcare system. Despite the potential for these rewards to accrue to nurses, there is lack of extrinsic value to people who are in the nursing profession, making it unlikely that a higher number of nurses will be attracted into certification programs unless opportunities for recognition and greater compensation are put in place by administrators. Certification brings about intrinsic value to nurses. Intrinsic values are non-tangible benefits such as indication of professional growth, validation of knowledge, personal satisfaction, indication of attainment of a practice standard and a feeling of personal accomplishment. It fails to bring about extrinsic benefits. Although intrinsic rewards by far outnumber intrinsic rewards, extrinsic rewards appear to be the main driving force that motivates nurses into deciding whether to become certified or not. Some of the most referred to extrinsic rewards include increased knowledge, enhanced collaboration between member of the medical profession and improved skills. This research sets out to find out whether nurses are motivated by extrinsic or intrinsic rewards with the basis of investigation being the perceptions that dominate the nurses understanding of extrinsic and intrinsic rewards. This research will be beneficial to all stakeholders of health care, especially those involved in setting up of policy frameworks in the nursing profession. For nurses, this research will shed light on the real benefits of getting specialty certification. For employers, the findings of this research will be useful in setting up frameworks that ensure that the needs of nurses are met, the most important of which is recognition of those nurses who have dedicated their time, money and energy into efforts to get specialty certification. Significance of the Problem. Certification, in most cases, is a matter of a nurses individual efforts. Even in cases where reimbursements and additional payments are made for nurses who pursue certification, this scenario is more of an exception rather than a rule. When nurses register for certification, this results in shortage of nurses, increased call duty on nurses days off and limited time spent on oneself and family. There is need for an assessment to be made on the true cost of certification and whether the accruing benefits are worth the efforts made. Against this backdrop, this research may be a good reference point for policymakers in the healthcare sector. Through proper policies, some fundamental stressors that nurses encounter can be eliminated and nurses may get better rewards for their efforts at certification. Wade (2009) notes that a better understanding of the enticements and interventions that would make more nurses seek certification certified can prove beneficial to the health care industry, patients and the nursing profession. For the nursing profession, the findings of this research have very far-reaching implications. Wade (2009) reports fears that there are too many nurses leaving the profession and at the same time, there are too few nurses entering the profession. However, he expresses the hope implied by recent researches, which indicate that nurses who feel empowered in their work environments, and who are recognized for their contributions are likely to stick to their profession. Certification is one of the ways through which the experience, cmpetence, knowledge and contribution of nurses to the healthcare sector is recognized. Therefore, argues Wade (2009), it has the potential to bring about retention of nurses in the profession. By addressing the issue of perception towards intrinsic and extrinsic rewards of certification, this research highlights the true meaning of this process, what it takes to become certified, the policy implications and most importantly, the potential of certification to bring about satisfaction and retention of nurses. This research has far-reaching theoretical implications on Benners theoretical model, which ranks proficiency from the level of a novice to that of an expert (Benner, 1984 cited in Wade, 2009). According to this model, nurses gain knowledge and develop skills of nursing practice by passing through five levels: novice, advanced beginner, competent nurse, proficient nurse, and expert nursing professional. When nurses opt out of the nursing career on account of lack of satisfaction, Benners model may be seen to be an ineffective tool for explaining this scenario. When there is a proper assessment of the certification factor in a research such as this one, Benners theoretical framework becomes a credible tool of explaining career progression in the nursing profession. Purpose of the Study The aim of this study is to find out whether nurses are motivated to seek certification by extrinsic benefits or extrinsic rewards. The case study method of inquiry will be used will be used to gather qualitative data for purposes of identifying the reasons that motivate nurses into seeking certification. The analysis of these findings will be done in such a way that perceptions about the rewards of certification will be highlighted. Perceptions that nurses have concerning certification determine how motivated the feel to undertake a certification education and exam. For this reason, any study of intrinsic and extrinsic benefits of nursing, whether perceived or real, has to focus on what nurses perceptions about certification really are. The main units of analysis will include The nature of perceptions of empowerment among nationally certified nurses Relationship between professional characteristics and clinical nursing expertise: focus on the role of certification. Perceptions on the value of specialty nursing certification In each unit of analysis, focus will be on the motives that drive nurses into seeking specialty certification and these professions perceive the relationship between empowerment through certification and career progression as described in Benners theoretical model. An assessment will be made on the likelihood of a perceived intrinsic or extrinsic reward driving a nurse into seeking specialty certification. Different relevant case studies will be analyzed based on the gaps in knowledge indicated in the literature review section. Does specialty certification give intrinsic and extrinsic rewards that are necessary for build-up of proficiency from the level of novice to expert among nurses? Definition of Terms Extrinsic benefits-these are the benefits that accrue as extra rewards upon compliance by professionals. They include increased pay, free food at the hospitals cafeteria, free long-distance calls over the hospitals cyber caf, transport, remuneration packages for overtime-hour schedules and so on. Intrinsic benefits Intrinsic values are non-tangible benefits such as indication of professional growth, validation of knowledge, personal satisfaction, indication of attainment of a practice standard and a feeling of personal accomplishment. Intrinsic benefits are very integral sources of job satisfaction. Specialty certificationthis is the mechanism through which the nurses are recognized for their professional qualifications, practice and experience, mainly for purposes of validating clinical competency and bringing about professional growth. Theoretical Framework. Benners theoretical model that involves ranking proficiency from the level of a novice to that of an expert will guide this study. According to this model, as nurses continue to develop skills as well as to gain knowledge through nursing practice, they pass through five levels of proficiency. This theory is based on the proposition that each level is always built heavily upon the experiences that have been generated at lower levels (Benner, 1984). The different levels of nursing described by Benner include novice, advanced beginner, competent nurse, proficient nurse and expert level. These levels are a reflection of a nursses movement from the reliance on abstract principles to repeated use of past education and experience (Benner, 1984) Without a proper understanding of the complexities of acute situations that tend to be very perplexing, a novice nurse is very limited to routine task performance that requires little analysis. A step up from the level of a novice, advanced beginners may have the ability to perform simple emergency tasks within a department such as triaging very simple, straightforward cases as well as recognizing and identifying normal variability in vital signs that are common in clinical scenarios. However, practitioners at the level of an advanced beginner may still be mislead by atypical scenarios, so competent nurses apply critical thinking and analytical skills while assessing multiple relevant elements present in patients condition in order to devise treatment plans encompassing both short-term and long-term goals (Benner, 1984). In Benners theory, emphasis is on education and experience as key factors of helping a nurse move from the level of a novice to that of an expert nurse. In the first unit of analysis entitled The nature of perceptions of empowerment among nationally certified nurses, all the levels of professional development that Benner outlines will be the main reference point. Instances where notions of empowerment do not coincide with the needs of professional growth as outlined by Benner, then such notions will be considered to be perceptions. From this point, it will be easy to refer to these perceptions as the basis of determining their influence on nurses decision to seek specialty certification. Benners theoretical framework will also be used to research the second unit of analysis entitled, Relationship between professional characteristics and clinical nursing expertise: focus on the role of certification. The role of certification in each of Benners stages of professional growth will be succinctly defined. A qualitative analysis of different case studies will make it easy for various points at which nurses start to perceive the need for specialty certification to be identified. In the third unit of analysis, Perceptions on the value of specialty nursing certification, focus will be on the effect of certification towards nurses attitude towards challenges in the process of becoming experts. Although the relationship between specialty certification and competence is yet to be examined by researchers in the medical field (Kendall-Gallagher 2009), there are many case studies from which analysis can be made on these relationships. This research will make use of such secondary data in order to derive analyses and arrive at findings. Moreover, the relationship between competence and safety of patients in the hands of caregivers, which in recent years has attracted a large body of research information, will also be explored. Assumptions and Limitations. The most fundamental assumption in this research is that the research findings of all the research studies where secondary data will be gathered will be accurate. It is impossible for abstract notions used by novice nurses to be quantified, which is why the qualitative method suits this research best. Moreover, at the level of a novice, a nurse may lack exposure to the understanding of the notions of empowerment as they apply to more experienced nurses who are seeking specialty certification. They may also follow the crowd when registering for specialty certification exams. The accuracy of analyses derived from this groups information may be contested. In the first unit of analysis, perceptions will be derived from lack of congruency between notions of empowerment and the need for professional growth. In this case, the respective nurses will be considered to be making moves towards certification using the wrong arguments. However, there could be other underlying motivating factors that may which lie outside the scope of this research. Summary Paragraph. The need to create a work environment that is conducive to nurses is an important issue in healthcare. Nurses, like all other professionals, love opportunities and if they believe that certification brings them closer to where professional opportunities are, they should be encouraged to seek certification. This goes a long way in analyzing researches that have been done before relating to the nursing professional environment, with and without certification. Within this environment, an analysis of nurses perception s towards specialty certification is made. Although it is a nurses sole discretion to decide why to get certification and why not to do so, this professional decision is of national significance, something that this research seeks to exemplify. Buy custom Nurses Associate Certification essay

The Basics of Narrative Voice

The Basics of Narrative Voice The Basics of Narrative Voice â€Å"Narrative† refers to how a story is told. A â€Å"narrative voice,† then, is a voice that tells a story. This makes it important for authors to understand the basics! In this post, therefore, we’re looking at key aspects of narrative voice. Grammatical Person One key element of narrative voice is point of view. This is reflected in the grammatical person used. In most narrative writing, this will either be first person or third person: First-person narration tells a story from the point of view of the narrator (i.e., using â€Å"I† or â€Å"we† pronouns). This will often be the main character in the story, but it could also be someone else recalling what they witnessed or a story they heard. In third-person narration, the narrator isn’t the main focus of the story. They may be part of the story, such as an onlooker giving their version of events. But a third-person narrator may also be the disembodied voice of the â€Å"author† telling the story. Either way, they refer to characters with third-person pronouns such as â€Å"he,† â€Å"she,† and â€Å"they,† but not â€Å"I† or â€Å"we.† While not impossible, it is unusual to use the second person in narration. This is because it involves addressing the reader directly, as if you were telling a story about the person reading it! What Does the Narrator Know? A narrator can be either limited or omniscient. A limited narrator knows only what they would know within the bounds of the story (e.g., a character recounting their version of events). An omniscient narrator knows everything that is happening in the world of the story. First-person narrators are usually limited since first-person narration is subjective. But third-person narrators can be either limited or omniscient depending on their relation to the story itself. Narrative Reliability Another element of narration is how trustworthy the narrative voice is. A reliable narrator provides a straightforward, credible account of events. An unreliable narrator, on the other hand, tells a story that should not be taken at face value. This may be because the narrator is lying, misinformed, or even insane. The point of this is to: Make the reader question what they are being told Show the reader something about the narrator For example, an unreliable narrator may be trying to persuade the reader to sympathize with an unsympathetic character, such as Patrick Bateman from American Psycho. Or it can be used to show us how the world appears to the narrator, such as in The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time, where the story is told from the point of view of an autistic child. Both good books, albeit in very different ways. Combining These Elements in Narrative Voice You can combine the elements above in various ways. As mentioned, for example, a third person narrator can be either limited or omniscient. You can also use different narrative voices in different parts of a story. Try experimenting with telling your story in different ways. They key is finding a voice that works for you. To work out what type of narration to use: Think about what you want to reader to feel and think as they read Consider how you want the reader to relate to the narrator Work out what type of voice will let you achieve this Whatever   you choose to do, though, remember that narrative voice is an essential part of storytelling.

The Analysis of the Theories of Prebles Art Forms Term Paper

The Analysis of the Theories of Prebles Art Forms - Term Paper Example There are three theories that will be discussed as they come out clearly in the book. It is also important to highlight that chapter five of the book majorly deals with the evaluation of art. The three theories that are the points of focus, as well as attention in the book, are well discussed below: In this theory, the point that it focuses on so much and that it explains as well as envisages is the makeup and the constitution of the work of art. The theory tends to explain much on how the piece of art could have possibly having been affected in one way o the other by the earlier artisans in their creativity and artistic works. It, therefore, gives what made the piece of art be the way it is and why it was designed in the particular form that it is (Patrick 2009). This theory as the name suggests is quite axiomatic and obvious that the theory is focusing on expression. Under this expression, it is to say that the expression is with the aim of worldwide marketing as well as publicity. It, therefore, deals with the expression of personality for the popularity and to make the piece of work well known to the whole world (Patrick 2010). This theory focuses on the contemporary aspects of society. In the discussion, the theory discusses the various environmental issues that influence the works of art, the effect of culture (way of living) on art as well as the effect of the political state or the ruling class on art. It is also important to highlight that economic factors are also having a significant influence on the pieces of art (Suzzane 2010). In the second part of the paper, the paper will delve so much on the one art that is designed and match very well the various theories that have been well discussed in the earlier parts of the paper.     

Sustainability in operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sustainability in operations - Essay Example Delhaize Group is a retail food stores that has operating since 1867. The Group was founded in Belgium and since inception, the company has been operating quiet well by enhancing its visibility in the market. The company with its effective sustainability has been catering services to a large number of clients in the prime locations of the world (1Delhaize Group SA, 2014). In this regard, the paper elaborates on the different approaches of the sustainability operations that are prevalent in the global world. A detailed review of the sustainability operation practiced by the Delhaize Group has been conducted. Bartlett (2012) defines sustainability, as â€Å"sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs† (pp. 2). This suggest that the present day society is majorly concerned about renewable resources and protecting the same. The development of the different means that would help in protecting the non-renewable resources form depletion is a major need for the present day (Bartlett, 2012). In this respect, Kuhlman and Farrington (2010) noted on the â€Å"optimal theory of exploitation of non-renewable resources† exclaiming that even after the depletion of the different non-renewable resources, the organisations are hardly inclined towards protecting the same. Maintaining sustainability is a further challenge as humans and nature has an opposite mode of operation. The nature follows a strict rule of adaptation as well as harmony whereas humans are majorly focused on conqu ering the nature and its resources. Contextually, Ciegis, Ramanauskiene and Martinkus (2009) stated that owing to the diversified nature of the different program and mode of operations of the different communities, it is difficult to develop a unanimous

Cosmetic Surgery and Its Affect on the World Today Essay Example for Free

Cosmetic Surgery and Its Affect on the World Today Essay How far will you go to get the look you want? There are many people who have gone as far as changing their appearance to the point that they are unrecognizable. From nose jobs, face lifts, to reshaping their eyes, it has become nearly an epidemic. Plastic surgery is a medical procedure invented to improve an individual’s physical appearance or to minimize scarring resulting from accidents, disease or birth defects as well as disfigurement. The word plastic is derived from the Greek, meaning molding or giving form. Included in plastic surgery is cosmetic surgery, which can be used to reshape your face or body features. Cosmetic surgery is designed to improve an individuals appearance. Some women in China would bind their feet, crippling themselves in the process to appear beautiful. It is said that their feet are to be no larger than a deck of cards or it was disgraceful. Western women poured themselves into corsets, often causing damage to their internal organs, for the sake of beauty. High heels are linked to back problems as well as foot problems. The search for beauty and eternal youth continues, and today, modern technology has brought the medical profession into the issue. Fat can be literally sucked out of the body, body parts can be reduced or enlarged through surgery, and wrinkles can be erased. Where cosmetic surgery was once the near-exclusive purview of women, men are turning to surgical procedures in increasing numbers. There are, however, costs to such modification, and these costs extend well beyond the financial. This research argues against the indiscriminate use of cosmetic surgery. Plastic surgery has a very long history. As early as 1000 B.C.E., the first plastic surgery was reported in India, where a persons nose might be cut off as a form of punishment or, in the case of an adulterous Hindu wife, bitten off by the wronged husband. Procedures, which displayed remarkable similarity to present rhinoplasties, were developed to reconstruct the noses of such errant individuals (Davis 14). Plastic surgery appeared much later on the European continent. In the early fifteenth century, physicians began doing nose surgeries, by using skin flaps taken from the arm. Other forms of plastic surgery began to appear around the early sixteenth century. With the invention of ether and antisepsis, plastic surgery was able to emerge as a full-fledged medical specialty (Davis 15). In the first part of the century, nearly all plastic surgeries were done to alleviate deformities due to disease, birth or mishap; however, in the second half of the century this was no longer the case. Plastic surgery has some advantages too, with reconstructive surgery. Reconstructive surgery is used to fix deficiencies that couldn’t otherwise be fixed by any other treatment. Reconstructive surgery makes a notable advancement, and can be used to repair birth defects, such as hair lips, cleft pallets and internal forms of function. It can also be used for one that has suffered injuries due to an accident, and can also save limbs and restore joints that would be irreparable. There are certain skin burns, depending on how severe that can be repaired by skin grafting. Some facial injuries that involve dental repair are common procedures for plastic surgery. The field of plastic surgery has grown, allowing room for improvement and more accuracy of procedures. Cosmetic surgery may benefit some patients interpersonal relationships and self-esteem, which will lead to a better quality of life. This happens more often when the patient suffers from an abnormality, or other birth defects that affect their appearance. Cosmetic surgery is not to be taken lightly, as for some it has been proven to be damaging and have long-lasting side effects. There have been many people that have gone through multiple surgeries in order to get the look that they want. There are many different reasons behind some folks becoming obsessed with the surgery. The majority of ones belief is that they can achieve physical perfection through cosmetic surgery. In an attempt to achieve a state of perfect physical beauty, some people repeatedly seek cosmetic surgery procedures to alter their appearance, believing theyre only a surgery away from their imagined ideal. Many people who suffer from plastic surgery addiction are also victims of body dimorphic disorder, where an attractive person believes that they are unattractive no matter how appealing they may appear to another person. Celebrities who suffer from plastic surgery addiction often lack a strong self esteem and have a generalized level of unhappiness with them selves. Instead of addressing the real source of their unhappiness, they choose to solve their problems by altering their external appearance. There are many people in the world that also too have altered their appearance to look like a celebr ity as well. Many citizens in the society today have altered their faces to the point if you hadn’t known them before surgery, you wouldn’t recognize them afterwards. Statistics show that people aged between 35-50 years old had the most cosmetic procedures in 2007: 5.4 million or 46 percent of that total. People between ages 51-64 years of age had 25 percent of the cosmetic surgery procedures in 2007. People between ages 19-34 years old had 21 percent of the cosmetic surgery procedures in 2007. Senior citizens aged 65 and older had 6 percent of cosmetic surgery procedures in 2007. Teens aged 18 or younger had less than 2 percent of the cosmetic surgery procedures in 2007. Today even with the economy the way that it is people are still getting cosmetic surgery no matter what the cost. This just shows how some peoples lives are affected by the way that they appear to themselves and other people regardless of their age.

Disease, Sickness, Death, and Decay in Hamlet Essay -- Shakespeare Ham

Death, Sickness, and Decay in Hamlet    Decay is defined as "a gradual decline; deterioration," disease as "any departure from health."   Both have many forms: physical, psychological, social, etc.   Multiple examples of illness and deterioration can be found in the tragedy Hamlet.   In this drama, Shakespeare uses imagery of decay and disease and the emotional and moral decay of his characters to enhance the atmosphere of the play.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The drama Hamlet abounds with images of decay and disease.   Celestial bodies are described in this manner; in Act I Horatio says that the moon "Was sick almost to doomsday with eclipse," and in Act III, Hamlet says that the moon is "thoughtsick" at his mother's sin.   Abstract ideas such as wealth and peace are also associated with such imagery by Hamlet in Act IV: "This is th'imposthume of much wealth and peace, / That inward breaks, and shows no cause without / Why the man dies."   In addition, in Act I Laertes uses an example from plant lore to convince his sister Ophelia to preserve her virginity: The canker galls the infants of the spring Too oft before their buttons be disclosed, And in the morn and liquid dew of youth Contagious blastments are most imminent. Furthermore, in Act I the ghost uses words associated with disease to describe his poisoning and death: The leperous distillment, whose effect Holds such an enmity with blood of man That swift as quicksilver it courses through The natural gates and alleys of the body, And with a sudden vigor it doth posset And curd, like eager droppings into milk, The thin and wholesome blood.   So did it mine, And a most instant tetter barked about Most lazarlike with vile and loa... ...this play.   The atmosphere of disease serves to heighten the audience's disgust for the situation.   Secondly, disease leads to death, so this figuratively diseased society is doomed.   Because of this sense of doom, there is a slight foreshadowing of the play's tragic end.   The tragic atmosphere is enriched by the motif of disease and decay.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The atmosphere of the play is reinforced by imagery of decay and disease and the emotional and moral decay of the characters.   This atmosphere is an integral part of the play as a whole and contributes greatly to its impact upon the audience.   Shakespeare's skill in weaving this motif into the play is evidence of his genius as a playwright and quality of his writings. Works Consulted: Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet. ca. 1600-1601. Ed. Edward Hubler. A Signet Classic. New York: Penguin Publishers,1963.

Poems “Nettles” and Praise song for my mother” Essay

Explore how the parent child relationship is presented in â€Å"nettles† and â€Å"praise song for my mother† and comment on the feeling expressed in both poems Introduction Both â€Å"nettles† and â€Å"praise song for my mother† focus on parent child relationships. â€Å"nettles† is a poem that tells a story about a little boy who falls into some nettles, and â€Å"praise song for my mother† is a poem that displays love and praise for someone’s mother. However both poems show the feelings of both the parents and the children. The poem â€Å"nettles† is a very strait forward poem and its main focus lays on one incident, which tells the story of a young boy who falls into a bed of nettles and his dad protects him. However â€Å"praise song for my mother† is completely different it’s more general than strait forward and each verse lists another reason why she loves her mother. Also â€Å"praise song for my mother† includes lots of metaphor’s and word play where as â€Å"nettles† just tells the story how it is. Both â€Å"Nettles† and â€Å"Praise song for my mother† include lots of imagery. â€Å"Nettles† incorporates a theme of war and military the nettles that hurt the poet’s son are referred to as â€Å"green spears† and â€Å"that regiment of spite† this is strange as although nettles can cause irritation and sharp pain, they are not forceful like weapons used in war. The father finds it unbearable that his son has been hurt. Therefore he has a need to protect him and to prevent it from occurring again. The war imagery also suggests that the poet had been in the war or experienced what war was like. And in â€Å"Praise song for my mother† there is a consistent use of metaphor’s many of which include nature â€Å"you were the moons eye to me† and â€Å"you were sunrise to me† are just two of many used. In â€Å"praise song for my mother† the structure is very well noticed, the first stanza starts off with two s yllables on the first line â€Å"you were† then go on to use four syllables â€Å"sunrise to me†, then generally it goes to six or seven â€Å"deep and bold and fathoming†. And the first three stanzas are very similar in ways of structure they all use the same number of syllables and look very similar in the way that they appear. However the final section marks a break in the chain as it changes the structure pattern, â€Å"praise song for my mother† is very ambiguous and depending on which way you interpret it this could mean the daughter is moving away from childhood into adulthood. However in â€Å"nettles† it is very simple it has an easy rhyme scheme of AbAb, â€Å"bed, shed†Ã‚  and â€Å"tears, spears†. And is also written in iambic pentameter witch is a collection of two syllables one stressed and on unstressed. The poem â€Å"nettles† has 16 lines which is very similar to sonnet form, a sonnet has 14 lines. The language in â€Å"praise song for my mother† is very different from â€Å"nettles†. In â€Å"nettles† it is very simple and easy to understand although it probably has ambiguous meanings you can read it and understand it because it is simply telling a story. But in â€Å"praise song for my mother â€Å"is a lot different the context is a lot harder to understand and has several ambiguous meanings so you can interpret it different ways. It also is confusing as it includes made up words such as â€Å"mateling† witch make you think poems give the readers can be different for everyone , but for me I like the idea in â€Å"nettles† of the father wanting to protect his son as this shows love to his son. I also like â€Å"praise song for my mother† because it has many hidden ambiguous meanings so you can interpret it many ways I also like â€Å"praise song for my mother† because it isn’t just simple and easy to understand it has hidden meanings and made up words so you have to take it apart and analysis it which requires a lot of thinking. I like the imagery in both â€Å"†praise song for my mother† and â€Å"nettles† as it gives you a clear image of what the poets are thinking when writing the poem. However I prefer â€Å"nettles† to â€Å"praise song for my mother† because it requires less thinking it is simple and understandable at first glance.

Book Fair Essay

It was a fine sunny morning when I with my bunch of my classmates went to the 18th annual Delhi book fair on 6th September 2012 at Pragati Maidan. It was a nine-day affair featuring discussions on proliferation of e-books and interaction with authors, apart from availability of vast number of books on divergent genres. We were supposed to report for a radio show as per our curriculum and were told to reach Pragati Maidan at 10 in morning. Getting up early and witnessing the bumpy metro ride I reached Pragati Maidan at 10. 30 am. All are group members waited for the respected teachers to give us the gadget. The time we waited for the teachers to come we discussed about the theme of our radio show. As soon as we got the recorder we tightened up our belts and went to hall no. 8 from where the book fair commenced. We chose children’s book as our theme for radio show and decided to take the bites of all the students and children. First of all we went to the information desk to know about the number of stalls that were based on children books and educational games. We found that out of 235 stalls 40 to 45 stalls were dedicated for the children of all ages. We also came to know that the theme of the book fair this time was e-books. We started with the school children of classes 3rd to 5th of New India Modern Public School and recorded their experience at the book fair. Also we talked to their teachers who told us about the books they preferred for their children. Then we all went to the group of school girls who came all the way from Himachal Pradesh along with their teachers to explore Book Fair 2012 as it was a part of their training program to learn English. They told us that it was their first visit to book fair and how it helps them in their training program. We also talked to the parents and children and different stall owners and recorded their aims and aspirations from the book fair this year. After we got the required bites we handed over the recorder to the other group and I went to look for different books especially the e-books. The new theme e-books influenced me a lot personally. The idea of saving trees by omitting paper for e-books was quiet paramount. I really liked the concept and especially the material that it offered. It was one of the easiest and environment friendly ways that makes reading and learning fun. I also went and saw many books by national geography and saw the epical photographs that were printed in them. Over all it was a nice educational expedition that was accompanied by fun and new learning ventures. VINAYAK VERMA

Political Party Ads - Who Pays for Them

Political Party Ads - Who Pays for Them Finding out who pays for political party ads in election season can be tricky. Candidates and committees who purchase political party ads on television and in print are required to disclose their identities. But often times those committees have vague names such as Americans for Prosperity or Americans for a Better Future. Understanding who contributes money to those committees so they can buy political ads is an important function of democracy because the ads play such a large role in elections. Are they conservative or liberal in political philosophy? Do they have a special interest or issue they are trying to influence? It is sometimes difficult to discern what a committees motives are just by watching or reading political ads. Who Pays for Political Party Ads Generally speaking, there are several types of groups that pay for political advertising. They are individual candidate election campaigns such as those for President Barack Obama or 2012 Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney; political parties such as the Democratic National Committee and Republican National Committee; and political action committees or super PACs funded by industries and special interests. Some of the largest special interests in American politics are abortion and gun-control opponents, energy companies and senior citizens. In recent years, though, super PACs have emerged has powerhouses in the electoral process. So have 527 groups and other organizations who seek to exploit weak disclosure laws and spend so-called dark money. How to Tell Who Pays for Political Ads It is easy to tell when an individual political candidate or political party buys airtime for ads. They will disclose their identities, often at the end of the ad. Typically, the wording is This ad was paid for by the committee to re-elect Barack Obama or I am Mitt Romney and I approved this message. Political action committees and super PACs are required to do the same, but they are not required to provide a list of major contributors or identify their special interests on the air. Such information is available only through the committees own websites or through Federal Election Commission records. Those records, called campaign finance reports, include details about how much a political candidate or political party is spending on political ads. Disclosure Controversy Political action committees and super PACs are required by law to list their contributors in disclosures filed regularly in Washington, D.C. Such information can shed light on whether those super PACs are conservative or liberal in nature. But some super PACs exploit a loophole in reporting laws not addressed in the legal case that led to their creation, Citizens United v. the FEC. Super PACs are permitted to accept contributions from nonprofit groups classified as 501[c][4] or social welfare organizations under the Internal Revenue Service tax code. The problem is that under that tax code, 501[c][4] groups are not required to disclose their own contributors. That means they can make contributions to super PACs in the name of the social welfare entity without having to disclose where they themselves got the money. Attempts to close that loophole in Congress have failed. Greater Transparency The Federal Communications Commission requires television stations that get paid to broadcast political ads to keep a record of who bought airtime. Those records are required to be made available for inspection to the public at the stations. The contracts show the which candidates, political committees or special interests are buying political ads, the length and target audience, how much they paid, and when the ads aired. Beginning in August 2012, the FCC also required television stations to post online all contracts with candidates, super PACs and other committees buying airtime for political ads. Those contracts are available at https://stations.fcc.gov.

Agnes Macphail Biography

Agnes Macphail Biography About Agnes Macphail: Agnes Macphail was the first Canadian woman to be a member of parliament, and one of the first two women elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Considered a feminist in her time, Agnes Macphail supported issues like prison reform, disarmament, international cooperation and old age pensions. Agnes Macphail also founded the Elizabeth Fry Society of Canada, a group working with and for women in the justice system. Birth: March 24, 1890 in Proton Township, Grey County, Ontario Death: February 13, 1954 in Toronto, Ontario Education: Teachers college - Stratford, Ontario Profession: Teacher and columnist Political Parties: Progressive PartyCo-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) Federal Ridings (Electoral Districts): Grey South EastGrey Bruce Provincial Riding (Electoral District): York East Political Career of Agnes Macphail: Agnes Macphail was elected to the House of Commons in 1921, in the first Canadian federal election in which women had the vote or could run for office. Agnes Macphail was the first woman to be elected to the House of Commons.Agnes Macphail was the first woman appointed as a member of a Canadian delegation to the League of Nations, where she was an active member of the World Disarmament Committee.Agnes Macphail became the first president of the Ontario CCF when it was established in 1932.Agnes Macphail was a major influence in the establishment of the Archambault Commission on prison reform in 1935.She was defeated in the 1940 general election.Agnes Macphail wrote a column on agriculture issues for the Globe and Mail.She was first elected to the Ontario Legislative Assembly in 1943, becoming one of the two first women to be elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario.She was defeated in the Ontario election in 1945.Agnes Macphail was re-elected to the Ontario Legislative Assembly i n 1948. Agnes Macphail contributed to the adoption of Ontarios first equal pay legislation in 1951.

Developing a Multi-Skilled, Customer-Focused People Management Essay

Developing a Multi-Skilled, Customer-Focused People Management Approach in the Middle East through Reducing Dependence on Foreign Workers - Essay Example The paper tells that not like the trends of development elsewhere, the transition of the economy of the Middle East or the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) has been largely driven by the trading in of expatriate foreign employees. This pattern will not cease for the near future, although at a slower rate, but the involvement of foreign employees in the course of transforming political and economic institutions will demand, inevitably, multi-skilled and customer-oriented people management techniques. Large corporations and government bodies in the Middle East, as well as international agencies, are vaguely informed of such regional trends, but the implications of such developments for human resource management (HRM) is not widely recognized or understood. By conducting an appropriate evaluation of the factors and patterns influencing development, this paper tries to contribute to the knowledge required by large corporations in the Middle East to create a more systematic, multi-skilled, and customer-oriented workforce management approach. Changing economic progress and lessening reliance on foreign employees are the key tasks confronting the Middle East. Not like elsewhere, the Middle East has too little literature on HRM. A detailed review of available literature reveals the lack of any methodical assessment that might give a broad image of the HRM mechanisms in the Middle East. In fact, there is hardly any trustworthy country-specific research that has surfaced with the economic progress of a specific Middle Eastern country. For instance, management and HRM approaches in Saudi Arabia, people management in Turkey, organizational and HRD success in Israel, international business and management problems in Jordan, and workforce management in the GCC (Peterson 1993). Moreover, the available literature emphasizes several studies associated with development and training in the Middle East. Ali (1996 as cited in Budhwar & Mellahi 2006), for instance, focuses on the inad equacy of attempts exerted by professionals to make sense of Arab management approaches and their effect on the success of organizational development programs and cross-cultural cooperation in the region. Likewise, a number of researchers talk about the success of management training and its effect on managerial competency in various Middle Eastern societies (Scullion & Collings 2010). As stated by Briscoe and Schuler (2004), several academics have stressed the need for and processes of multi-focused, customer-oriented workforce management approaches in the Arab world. A large portion of related literature on the Middle East is about the effect of Arab values and culture on management dynamics (Budhwar & Debrah 2001). Likewise, Kabasakal and Bodur (2002 as cited in Budhwar & Mellahi 2006), based on socio-cultural comparisons, classified an Arabic group, composed of Qatar, Kuwait, Turkey, Morocco, and Egypt. Countries in this group are emphasized to be very masculine, structural/hier archical, group-driven, and weak on future direction. In contrast, Ali (1995 as cited in Budhwar & Mellahi 2006) argues that multi-focused, customer-oriented organizations and management approaches in the Middle East can merely be built by taking proper account of the Arab context. He further argues that the foreign aspect is partly not favorable to the creation of multi-focused, customer-oriented management approaches in the oil rich Gulf States. Researchers have also explored the subject of management flow from the Western countries to the Arab world. Yavas (1998 as cited in Aswathappa & Dash 2007), for instance, studied the subjective value given to a cluster of management competencies by Saudi managers who had gained their business diploma in the United States. Yavas (1998) emphasizes several

Digital marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Digital marketing - Essay Example The paper "Digital marketing" study illustrates the use of digital marketing in the â€Å"adidas Group† strategy for gaining competitive market position. Companies increasingly invent new business models–or strategies–for selling as the markets globalize, competition intensifies, and both consumers and investors become more demanding. The new business challenges of the Internet era largely stems from the globalization. Digital methods such as the real time marketing tools have become an essential part of the global business giants today. Researchers have reported three distinct waves in the direct and interactive marketing during the past 30 years namely; mainstreaming, database marketing and the Internet stage. The new horizon in the Internet stage brings fascinating opportunities for the marketers, enabling them to actually realize the goals of one-to one marketing while also encouraging them to learn, deploy, and adopt information technologies strategically. I n other words online technology and marketing have joined during the above third wave. Any business that chooses to ignore these new changes will most likely die out from the market eventually because the intensifying global competition has made it almost impossible to do any effective marketing without in some way using the technology of the Internet (Wiedemann, 2001). For example, the â€Å"adidas Group† stated its brands needed to make more relevant to the online audiences in order to propel demand. Hence the company is now engaged.

PEEST factors that have impacted on your selected product line Essay

PEEST factors that have impacted on your selected product line recently - Essay Example Because of the increasingly competitive environment in the smart-phone market, Samsung has been aggressive in ensuring that the phone’s related intellectual properties are protected from suing competitors like Apple (Naidu-Ghelani, 2014: p1). The Samsung S5 faces political pressures in the West African market due to the Ebola virus and terrorism, especially as it opened Samsung Electronics West Africa just this year to increase market share in the lucrative market. In the immediate future, sales of the Samsung Galaxy S5 will also be influenced by the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership between the US and EU, whose new tax policies and tariffs could impact significantly on price and sales (Mundy & Thomas, 2014: p1). The economic dimension is particularly critical for the Galaxy S5 because increased market liberalization in China, as well as increasing incomes and GDP growth in African countries is opening up new markets for the company (Jung-a, 2014: p1). However, the slow economic recovery in the EU is expected to continue into the foreseeable future, denting purchasing power for European consumers. The EU and other developed and developing countries in the EU have also recorded minimal decline in unemployment rates, which means that their purchasing power will remain low for the near future. However, unemployment levels in the Caribbean, Latin America, and South East Asia have fallen significantly, opening up new avenues of expansion (Thompson, 2014: p1). The rise of the ethical consumer internationally who wants products that are sourced and manufactured in a responsible and sustainable manner will be an important factor for the Galaxy S5, which they need to be aware of in order to satisfy the ethical consumer (Giles, 2014: p1). As a result, Samsung has to ensure that its marketing strategy includes steps taken in making their operations responsible and sustainable. Increased pressure from eco-friendly groups like Green Peace will also

Sociology Of The Familys Sociology Essay

Sociology Of The Familys Sociology Essay The family has been assumed by many sociologists as a basic unit of socialisation, which plays key function, such as socialising children. The functionalist view the family as a positive institution that has positive function, while feminists sees the family as negative and reproduces patriarchy. Marxism believes the family reproduce labour force while interactionists view families as different and unique. Functionalists focus on nuclear family and see the latter as the basic building block of family socialisation. They believe that the family is a positive and beneficial institution in which family members receive nurturing and care. They look at the family on a macro scale. Functionalist believe that society is based on consensus, this means we are all socialised to agree on how to behave known as norms, and what is right and wrong known as values. For example when there is no crime, society benefits by maintaining social order .They believe that each part of society has a function to make sure that society runs smoothly and everything stays in harmony, for example, the familys function is to socialise children and, education has a function to make sure that people are educated to be good at the job they will get after school. (Taylor and Richardson et al, 2002) Murdock (1949) studied 250 different societies and concluded that the family is so functional to society, that it is unavoidable and universal that neither the individual nor society could survive without it. He argued that every nuclear family has these four essential functions without which society could not continue: sexual, reproductive, economic and education. Without sexual and reproductive, no member of society would be there. Life would stop if there was no economic function that is family providing for its members, and without education, socialisation would not be there hence absence of culture. Murdock has been criticised for not considering whether the functions of the family could be performed by other social institutions and he does not examine alternatives to the family. (Taylor and Richardson et al, 2002) Parsons (1955) studied the modern American family in the 50s. He argued that there are two basic and irreducible functions of the family. The first is the primary socialisation of children, which Parsons sees as a responsibility of the family to shape the childs personality to suite to the needs of society. The second function is the stabilisation of adult personalities. The adults gets emotional support from family necessary to cope with the stresses of everyday life. Parsons, as with Murdock, has been criticised for showing the picture of the family as attuned children and compassionate spouses caring for each others needs. (Taylor and Richardson et al, 2002). There is a natural division of labour within the nuclear family, roles are segregated positively and everyone carry out different roles, for example the instrumental male, whose role is to provide for the family and thus the bread winner, and expressive female whose role is to provide warmth, love and care for children at home. Based on Biology the woman is the child bearer therefore has to look after the child. This role maintains social stability. Family patterns have changed with time such as cohabitation, rise of reconstituted families and increase in single or lone parent in western family life. Which has even made divorce easier to obtain. Functionalist theory has been criticised to have concentrated on the family being positive and gives little attention to its weaknesses, while in feminism the nuclear family is oppressive to women due to gender distinctions in domestic duties. Functionalists argue that the family is of equal profit to everyone, however marxists argue that society was developed by the need of the capitalist economy. It is the bourgeoisie who benefits not the whole society. Functionalists focus too much on the significance that the family has in society and disregard the sense family life has for individual. (Haralambos and Holborn, 2008) Radical psychiatric argue against functionalism for ignoring the negative aspect of the family like domestic violence. Functionalists also ignore different types of families by focussing mainly on nuclear family. Interactionist David Clark (1991) identified four types of marriage arguing against functionalist, saying not all families are the same. Functionalists depict everything as positive in the family while radical psychiatric looks at the negative side of the family. Feminism is a conflict theory that sees the family as patriarchal. They believe that men gain more in a family than women. They view the family on a macro scale. Feminists shows how men dominate social relationships, thus symmetrical conjugal roles is seen as an allegory. Feminists argue that men oppress women through domestic violence, the economic involvement to society made by womens domestic labour within the family. Liberal feminist Wollstonecraft (1792) wanted equality for women in terms of rights, liberties and vote by the change of law and policy. A radical feminist like Millett (1970) argues that the organisation of society enables men to dominate women. They believed that gender distinctions are politically and socially constructed therefore wanted radical reforms and social change. Kate Millet invented the term The personal is political meaning everything in society is political. Radical feminists think not just patriarchal men that benefit from family but all men. (Haralambos and Holborn, 2008) Marxists feminist believe that the destruction of the capitalist society brings equality to everything. Lesbian feminists believe society forces women into heterosexuality so that men can oppress them. They challenge heterosexuality as a means of male supremacy. Humanist feminists argue that society only allows men to self-develop not women, and that society distorts womens human potential. Marxist feminist Bentson (1972) argues that family responsibilities make male workers less likely to withdraw from labour, with wife and children to support. Ansley (1972) sees the emotional support in family, stabilises male workers thus making them less likely to take their frustration out on the system. Feeley (1972) sees the family as a dictatorial unit dominated by the husband. The family values teach obedience, children learn to accept hierarchy and their position in it. Greer (2000) is a radical feminist who believes that family life continues to disadvantage and oppress women. She points out Britain has very high divorce rate thus less stability in families. (Haralambos and Holborn, 2008) Marxist feminist, like functionalist tend to ignore the diversity of modern family life, assuming everyone lives in heterosexual nuclear family. They paint a very negative picture of family life possibly exaggerated. Functionalists see male and female roles being different but equal, Marxist feminists believe that men dominate family relationships. Feminist theory discards functionalist view, that society as a whole is benefited by socialisation in the family but rather men benefits more. Women are portrayed as passive victims of exploitation. It does not take into account women who abuse men by fighting back. Functionalists believe that norms and values benefits society while for feminist they benefit men more. Feminists focus on nuclear family only and the negative aspect of it. Marxism view family on a macro scale. The Marxist perspective is a conflict theory, which sees socialisation process of the family, results in the spread of a ruling class philosophy. Whereby individuals are misled into accepting the capitalist system and the hegemony of the capitalist class thus hegemony.Bourgoisie benefits by creating a labour force and proletariat continue to be exploited. Engel (1972) argued that bourgeois nuclear family is an institution which oppresses women. They were seen mainly as children bearers, economically dependent to their husbands and remain faithful to them. According to Engels the family is designed to control women and protect property, thus men needed to know their children in order to pass on their property. (Taylor and Richardson et al, 2002) Marxists say the family serves capitalism in four ways. The family acts as a safety valve for the stress and frustration of working class men, the family plays as a unit of consumption, purchases the goods and services provided by capitalism. Women domestic work is unpaid which benefits capitalism and lastly the family socialises children thereby reproducing both labour power and acceptance of capitalism false consciousness. Zaretsky (1976) analysed that the family is one place where male workers can feel they have power and control. This helps them accept their oppression in wider society. Furthermore Zaretsky sees the family as a main prop to the capitalist economy. Marxists view of divorce in families is seen by increased economic pressure from unemployment, this may place added strain. Family members living longer could increase pressure on relationships. (Taylor and Richardson et al, 2002) Marxists decline the functionalist view that society is based on value consensus, and thus benefits all. Instead they see the welfare of powerful groups influencing the way society is controlled. Marxists view ignores family diversity. It sees the nuclear family as being simply determined by the economy. This theory reproduces conflict between classes, bourgeoisie and proletariat, while a functionalist family operates as united, everything benefits society. Capitalist system is dominated both economically by rich at the expense of the poor, but seen as a fair system by functionalists that works together in the interest of all members causing limited conflict in society. Anthropologists have suggested that the emergence of the nuclear family did not actually coincide with emergence of capitalism. Somerville (2000) argues that Zaretsky exaggerates the importance of the family as a protection from life in capitalist society. Contrary to functionalist marxists focus on the negative aspec t of the family and ignores the positive function. (Taylor and Richardson et al, 2002) Interactionism also known as interpretive humans are seen as symbolic creatures, meaning we define what is around us through signs and language. They study families on a micro scale instead of generalising the whole population. They also look at what family life is actually like, rather than how it should be or how it is assumed to be.Interactionists view families as different and unique thus there is no one way of family life, like other perspectives would suggest. The way a family behaves and interacts is based on interpretation of meanings and roles. We are products of our culture what we take as common sense or reality varies according to the culture we live in. (Taylor and Richardson et al, 2002) Goffman (1969) compares life to drama, we are actors who take on roles and act them out as public performances. Each role has its own script which tells us how to act and what cues to expect from other members involved in our interaction. Bauman (1990) argues that roles and relationships learnt in the family are essential to shaping our future. Not all families are close and warm family metaphors are often used to represent closeness, for example using the term brother and sister amongst members of political organisations. (Haralambos and Holborn, 2008) Berger and Kellner (1964) looked at socially constructed roles in a marriage, argues that the reality of marriage is an ongoing construction which needs to be reaffirmed, negotiated and renegotiated. Clark (1991) conducted a study of how couples constructed a meaningful marriage. He identified four types of marriage. Drifting marriages, where meanings and ideas of the future are unclear, surfacing marriages often made up of people who have been married before, establishing marriages which newly wed couple plan for long term future, and lastly struggling marriages, with financial problems often from unemployment, which causes tension and anxiety. The conjugal roles in interactionism show that the roles of husband and wife are constantly evolving. For example both husband and wife working and sharing domestic tasks. (Haralambos and Holborn, 2008) Interactionist view families on a micro scale, discovering how individuals make family life based on interactions with each other. They are not interested in generalisations about family life but seek to understand how families are unique. They go further than the common sense view of families that functionalism believes in and look at the meanings of what family life is actually like. Unlike functionalism, Marxism and feminism, where there is a set function of the family, interactionism is different for there is no one set function of the family. Families can differ based on their interactions, meanings, roles and culture. The discovery of four different types of marriage offers an opposing argument to functionalism, not an ideal nuclear family. (Haralambos and Holborn, 2008) It has been criticised while concentrating on meanings, motives and action it ignores the wider structures in which families operate and are shaped. Sometimes generalisations of families are useful as they allow the development of political social policy. Interpretive approaches try to comprehend the family from the perspective of its members. This research has shown from different sociologist and approaches that the family life has evolved as modernity is progressing. The changes involved have made the family better suited to meeting the needs of society, and of family members. Theoretical approaches to the family, such as difference feminism and postmodernism, have emphasized the variety of family types and living arrangements that exist in contemporary society.

Impact of Telephone on Society Essay -- Essays Papers

Impact of Telephone on Society Many inventions revolutionized society and one example is the telephone, which was introduced to society in 1876. The inventor, Alexander Graham Bell developed this idea and the telephone made him famous because communication would never be the same after the development of the telephone. The telephone made an incredible impact on society. The impact could be seen through the quickness of communication, business, easier communication in wars, and some negative effects too. Although the telephone became a necessity of daily life, it was at first neglected by the public. People thought the telephone was a fake and a mere toy. Although the telephone was a powerful innovation, nobody took it seriously. Perhaps these people were ignorant because they did not realize the capabilities of the telephone. The reason for this skepticism was the revolutionary idea of communicating through a telephone, "So devastatingly new, so revolutionary, was this innovation of Bell's that a self-satisfied world wasted a good deal of time ridiculing the telephone and its inventor."1 This idea lasted for a few years, but then the public's view began to change. People started to see the significance of the telephone and what it can accomplish. Now with the help of the telephone, individuals communicated in a much quicker fashion. Once this became evident, it greatly enhanced the use of the telephone. After further development of the telephone, society recognized its ability to allow one to contact another person at any time any place with confidence that the call would be completed. The less time it took to communicate was a big draw for society because messages could be sent instantly. This invention allowed for such... ... Bibliography Baldner, Joshua G. "The Telephone and Expansion." n.pag. Online. Available: http://www.beloit.edu/~amerdem/students/baldner.html, Feb. 24, 1999. Brooks, John. Telephone: The First Hundred Years. New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1975. Eby, Chuck. "Western Electric #20B Desk Phone." n.pag. Online. Available: http://www.cyber-comm.net/~chuck/we20b.html, Mar. 31, 1999. - - - . "Western Electric #202 Desk Phone." n.pag. Online: Available: http://www.cyber-comm.net/~chuck/we202.html, Mar. 31, 1999. Farley, Tom. "Telephone History Part 3-1921 to 1984." n.pag. Online. Available: http://privateline.com/TelephoneHistory3/History3.html, Feb. 24, 1999. Pound, Arthur. The Telephone Idea. New York: Greenberg, Publisher, 1926. "Welcome to the World of Ocean West." n.pag. Online. Available: http://ocean-west.com/contactus.html, Mar. 31, 1999.

Human Sexual Behavior and Sexual Abuse Incest

INCEST Incest  is  sexual intercourse  between family members and close  relatives. [1][2]  The term may apply to sexual activities between individuals of close†blood relationship†, members of the same  household,  step relatives  related by  adoption  or  marriage, or members of the same  clan  or  lineage. [3]  Theincest taboo  is and has been one of the most common of all cultural  taboos, both in current nations and many past societies. [4]  Most modern societies have  laws regarding incest  or social restrictions on closely consanguineous marriages. 5]  In countries where it is illegal, consensual adult incest is seen by some as a  victimless crime. [6][7] In some societies, such as those of  Ancient Egypt  and others, brother–sister, father–daughter, and mother–son, cousin-cousin, aunt-nephew, uncle-niece, and other permutations of relations were practiced among  royalty  as a means of perpetua ting the royal lineage. [8][9]  In addition, theBalinese[10]  and some  Inuit  tribes[11]  have altogether different beliefs about what constitutes illegal and immoral incest. However, parent-child and sibling-sibling unions are almost universally forbidden. 12] Children born of close incestous unions have greatly increased risk of congenital disorders, death and disability at least in part due to genetic diseases caused by the  inbreeding. [13] ————————————————- Terminology The English word  incest  is derived from the Latin  incestus, which has a general meaning of â€Å"impure, unchaste†. It was introduced into  Middle English, both in the generic Latin sense (preserved throughout the Middle English period[14]) and in the narrow modern sense.The derived adjective  incestuous  appears in the 16th century. [15]  Prior to the introduction o f the Latin term, incest was known in  Old English  as  sibbleger  (from  sibb  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœkinship' +  leger  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœto lie') or  m? gh? med  (from  m? g  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœkin, parent' +  h? med  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœsexual intercourse') but in time, both words fell out of use. ————————————————- History Table of prohibited marriages from  The Trial of Bastardie  byWilliam Clerke. London, 1594 ————————————————- Prevalence and statisticsIncest between an  adult  and a person under the  age of consent  is considered a form of  child sexual abuse[36][37]  that has been shown to be one of the most extreme forms of childhood abuse, often resulting in serious and long-term  psychological trauma, especially in the case of parental incest. [38]  Preval ence is difficult to generalize, but research has estimated 10–15% of the general population as having at least one such sexual contact, with less than 2% involving intercourse or attempted intercourse. 39]  Among women, research has yielded estimates as high as 20%. [38] Father-daughter  incest was for many years the most commonly reported and studied form of incest. [40][41]  More recently, studies have suggested that sibling incest, particularly older brothers having sexual relations with younger siblings, is the most common form of incest,[42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]  with some studies finding sibling incest occurring more frequently than other forms of incest. 51]  Some studies suggest that adolescent perpetrators of sibling abuse choose younger victims, abuse victims over a lengthier period, use violence more frequently and severely than adult perpetrators, and that sibling abuse has a higher rate of penetrative acts than father or stepfather incest, w ith father and older brother incest resulting in greater reported distress than stepfather incest. [52][53][54] ————————————————- Types Between adults and childrenMain article:  Child sexual abuse Incest between an adult and a child is usually considered a form of child sexual abuse[55]  and for many years has been the most reported form of incest. Father–daughter and stepfather–stepdaughter incest is the most commonly reported form of adult-child incest, with most of the remaining involving a mother or stepmother. [56]  Father–son incest is reported less often, but it is not known how close the frequency is to heterosexual incest because it is likely more under-reported. 57][58]  Prevalence of incest between parents and their children is difficult to assess due to secrecy and privacy; some estimate that 20 million Americans were, as children, subjected to incest. [56][clarification needed  (needs a better source)] In a 1999 news story,  BBC  reported, â€Å"Close-knit family life in  India  masks an alarming amount of sexual abuse of children and teenage girls by family members, a new report suggests. Delhi organisation  RAHI  said 76% of respondents to its survey had been abused when they were children – 40% of those by a family member. [59] According to the National Center for Victims of Crime a large proportion of  rape  committed in the United States is perpetrated by a family member: Research indicates that 46% of children who are raped are victims of family members (Langan and Harlow, 1994). The majority of American rape victims (61%) are raped before the age of 18; furthermore, 29% of all rapes occurred when the victim was less than 11 years old. 11% of rape victims are raped by their fathers or step-fathers, and another 16% are raped by other relatives. 60] A study of victims of fatherâ €“daughter incest in the 1970s showed that there were â€Å"common features† within families before the occurrence of incest: estrangement between the mother and the daughter, extreme paternal dominance, and reassignment of some of the mother's traditional major family responsibility to the daughter. Oldest and only daughters were more likely to be the victims of incest. It was also stated that the incest experience was psychologically harmful to the woman in later life, frequently leading to feelings of low self-esteem, unhealthy sexual activity, contempt for other women, and other emotional problems. 61][clarification needed  (needs a better source)] Adults who as children were incestuously victimized by adults often suffer from low  self-esteem, difficulties in interpersonal relationships, and  sexual dysfunction, and are at an extremely high risk of many mental disorders, including  depression,  anxiety,  phobic avoidance reactions,  somatoform disorder,   substance abuse,  borderline personality disorder, and  complex post-traumatic stress disorder. 38][62][63]  Research by Leslie Margolin indicates that mother-son incest does not trigger some innate biological response, but that the effects are more directly related to the symbolic meanings attributed to this act by the participants. [64] The  Goler clan  is a specific instance in which child sexual abuse in the form of forced adult/child and sibling/sibling incest took place over at least three generations. [65]  A number of Goler children were victims of sexual abuse at the hands of fathers, mothers, uncles, aunts, sisters, brothers, cousins, and each other.During interrogation by police, several of the adults openly admitted to engaging in many forms of sexual activity, up to and including full intercourse, multiple times with the children. Sixteen adults (both men and women) were charged with hundreds of allegations of incest and sexual abuse of children as young as five. [65] In Japan there is a popular misconception that mother-son incestuous contact in common, due to the manner in which it is depicted in the press and popular media.According to Hideo Tokuoka, â€Å"When Americans think of incest, they think of fathers and daughters; in Japan one thinks of mothers and sons† due to the extensive media coverage of mother-son incest there. [66]  Some western researchers even assumed this was established fact. However, research into victimization statistics from police and health care systems discredits this, as it shows the vast majority of sexual abuse, including incest, is perpetrated by men against young girls. 67]  The Mainichi Daily News  column  WaiWai, by Australian journalist Ryann Connell, featured often-sensationalist stories, principally translated from and based on articles appearing in Japanese tabloids. [68]  On June 28, 2008, Mainichi announced punitive measures. [69][70][71]  Mainichi said, â€Å"We contin ued to post articles that contained incorrect information and indecent sexual content. These articles, many of which were not checked and properly investigated should not have been dispatched.We apologize deeply for causing many people trouble and for betraying the public's trust in the Mainichi Shimbun. †Ã‚  [72] Between childhood siblings Childhood sibling–sibling incest is considered to be widespread but rarely reported. [56]  It is believed to be the most common form of intrafamilial abuse. [73] Sibling-sibling incest becomes  child-on-child sexual abuse  when it occurs without consent, without equality, or as a result of  coercion. The most commonly reported form of abusive sibling incest is abuse of a younger sibling by an older sibling. 56]  A 2006 study showed a large portion of adults who experienced sibling incest abuse have distorted or disturbed beliefs (such as that the act was â€Å"normal†) both about their own experience and the subject of sexual abuse in general. [74] Sibling abusive incest is most prevalent in families where one or both parents are often absent or emotionally unavailable, with the abusive siblings using incest as a way to assert their power over a weaker sibling. [75]  Absence of the father in particular has been found to be a significant element of most cases of sexual abuse of female children by a brother. 76]  The damaging effects on both childhood development and adult symptoms resulting from brother–sister sexual abuse are similar to the effects of father–daughter, including substance abuse, depression, suicidality, and eating disorders. [76][77] Between consenting adults Sexual activity between adult close relatives may arise from  genetic sexual attraction. [78]  This form of incest has not been widely reported in the past, but recent evidence has indicated that this behavior does take place, possibly more often than many people realize. 78]  Internet  chatrooms  and topical websites exist that provide support for incestuous couples. [78] Proponents of incest between consenting adults draw clear boundaries between the behavior of consenting adults and rape, child molestation, and abusive incest. [78]  According to one incest participant who was interviewed for an article in  The Guardian: â€Å"You can't help who you fall in love with, it just happens. I fell in love with my sister and I'm not ashamed †¦ I only feel sorry for my mom and dad, I wish they could be happy for us. We love each other.It's nothing like some old man who tries to fuck his three-year-old, that's evil and disgusting †¦ Of course we're consenting, that's the most important thing. We're not fucking perverts. What we have is the most beautiful thing in the world. â€Å"[78] In  Slate Magazine,  William Saletan  drew a legal connection between gay sex and incest between consenting adults. [79]  As he described in his article, in 2003, U. S. Senato r  Rick Santorumcommented on a pending U. S. Supreme Court case involving sodomy laws (primarily as a matter of  Constitutional rights to Privacy and Equal Protection under the Law).He stated: â€Å"If the Supreme Court says that you have the right to consensual sex within your home, then you have the right to bigamy, you have the right to polygamy, you have the right to incest, you have the right to adultery. â€Å"[79]  However, David Smith of the  Human Rights Campaign  professed outrage that Santorum placed being gay on the same moral and legal level as someone engaging in incest. Saletan argued that, legally and morally, there is essentially no difference between the two, and went on to support incest between consenting adults being covered by a legal right to privacy. 79]UCLA  law professor  Eugene Volokh  has made similar arguments. [80]  In a more recent article, Saletan said that incest is wrong because it introduces the possibility of irreparably damagi ng family units by introducing â€Å"a notoriously incendiary dynamic—sexual tension—into the mix†. [81] Aunts, uncles, nieces or nephews In Florida, consensual adult sexual intercourse with someone you know to be your aunt, uncle, niece or nephew constitutes a felony of the third degree. [82]  Other states also commonly prohibit marriages between such kins. [83]  The legality of sex with a half-aunt or half-uncle varies state by state. 84] Between adult siblings The most public case of consensual adult sibling incest in recent years is the case of a brother-sister couple from Germany,  Patrick Stubing  and Susan Karolewski. Because of violent behavior on the part of the father, the brother was taken in at the age of 3 by foster parents, who adopted him later. At the age of 23 he learned about his biological parents, contacted his mother, and met her and his then 16 year old sister for the first time. The now-adult brother moved in with his birth family shortly thereafter.After their mother died suddenly six months later, the couple became intimately close, and had their first child together in 2001. By 2004, they had four children together: Eric, Sarah, Nancy, and Sofia. The public nature of their relationship, and the repeatedprosecutions  and even jail time they have served as a result, has caused some in Germany to question whether incest between consenting adults should be punished at all. An article about them in  Der Spiegel  states that the couple are happy together. According to court records, the first three children have mental and physical disabilities, and have been placed in foster care. 6]  In April 2012, at the  European Court of Human Rights, Patrick Stuebing lost his case that the conviction violated his right to a private and family life. [85][86] Cousin relationships See also:  Cousin marriage  and  List of coupled cousins Marriages and sexual relationships between first cousins are stigmatized a s incest in some western cultures, but tolerated in most of the world. Currently, 24 states  US states, prohibit marriages between first cousins and another seven permit them only under special circumstances. 87]  Cousin marriages are rare, accounting for less than 1% of marriages in Western Europe, North America and Oceania, while reaching 9% in South America, East Asia and South Europe and up to 25% in regions of the Middle East, North Africa and South Asia. [88]  Communities such as the Dhond and the  Bhittani  of Pakistan clearly prefer marriages between cousins as believe they ensure purity of the descent line, provide intimate knowledge of the spouses, and ensure thatpatrimony  will not pass into the hands of â€Å"outsiders†. 89] Apart from the partial prohibition in the United States, there are some cultures in Asia which stigmatize cousin marriage, in some instances even marriages between second cousins or more remotely related people. This concerns notab ly the culture of  Korea, and some  Hindu  communities in India. In South Korea, before 1997, anyone with the same last name and clan were prohibited from marriage. In light of this law being held unconstitutional, South Korea now only prohibits up to third cousins (see  Article 809 of the Korean Civil Code).Hmong  culture prohibits the marriage of anyone with the same last name – to do so would result in being shunned by the entire community, and they are usually stripped of their last name. In  Western Australia  over 500 marriages are between cousins. In a review of 48 studies on the children parented by cousins, most of the babies born to cousins were healthy contrary to the popular perception, with birth defects being 4% of births for consanguineous couples as opposed to 2% for the general population. [90]  Inbreeding over many generations does increase risks however. citation needed] Incest defined through marriage Some cultures include relatives by marr iage in incest prohibitions; these relationships are called  affinity  rather than  consanguinity. For example, the question of the legality and morality of a widower who wished to marry his  deceased wife's sister  was the subject of long and fierce debate in the  United Kingdom  in the 19th century, involving, among others,  Matthew Boulton. [91][92]  In medieval Europe, standing as a  godparent  to a child also created a bond of affinity. citation needed]  But in other societies, a deceased spouse's sibling was considered the ideal person to marry. The Hebrew Bible forbids a man from marrying his brother's widow with the exception that, if his brother died childless, the man is instead required to marry his brother's widow so as to â€Å"raise up seed to him† (taken from Deuteronomy 25:5–6). According to Islamic ideology, marriage among close blood relations like parents, siblings, the children of siblings, aunts and uncles is prohibited. Fir st or second cousins may marry.Marrying the widow of a brother, or the sister of deceased or divorced wife is allowed in Islam. ————————————————- Inbreeding Main article:  Inbreeding Incest that results in offspring is a form of close  inbreeding  (reproduction between two individuals with a common ancestor). Inbreeding leads to a higher probability of  congenital birth defectsbecause it increases that proportion of zygotes that are  homozygous, in particular for deleterious  recessive alleles  that produce such disorders[93]  (and see  Inbreeding depression#Inbreeding depression and natural selection).Because most such alleles are rare in populations, it is unlikely that two unrelated marriage partners will both be heterozygous carriers. However, because close relatives  share a large fraction of their alleles, the probability that any such rare delete rious allele present in the common ancestor will be inherited from both related parents is increased dramatically with respect to non-inbred couples. Contrary to common belief, inbreeding does not in itself alter allele frequencies, but rather increases the relative proportion of homozygotes to heterozygotes.However, because the increased proportion of deleterious homozygotes exposes the allele to  natural selection, in the long run its frequency decreases more rapidly in inbred population. In the short term, incestuous reproduction is expected to produce increases in spontaneous abortions of zygotes, perinatal deaths, and postnatal offspring with birth defects. [94] There may also be other deleterious effects besides those caused by recessive diseases. Thus, similar  immune systems  may be more vulnerable to infectious diseases (see  Major histocompatibility complex and sexual selection). 95] A 1994 study found a mean excess mortality with inbreeding among first cousins of 4. 4%. [96]  Children of parent-child or sibling-sibling unions are at increased risk compared to cousin-cousin unions. Studies suggest that 20-36% of these children will die or have major disability due to the inbreeding. [13]  A study of 29 offspring resulting from brother-sister or father-daughter incest found that 20 had congenital abnormalities, including four directly attributable to autosomal recessive alleles. 97] ————————————————- Animals Main article:  Animal sexual behavior Many mammal species including humanity's closest  primate  relatives tend to avoid close inbreeding, especially if there are alternative partners available. [98]  However some chimpanzees have been recorded attempting to mate with their mothers. [99]  Male rats have been recorded engaging in mating with their sisters, but they tend to prefer non-related females over their sister s. 100] Livestock  breeders often practice controlled breeding to eliminate undesirable characteristics within a population, which is also coupled with  culling  of what is considered unfit offspring, especially when trying to establish a new and desirable trait in the stock. ————————————————- In popular culture Main article:  Incest in popular culture Incest is a somewhat popular topic in English  erotic fiction; there are entire collections and websites devoted solely to this genre, with an entire genre of pornographic  pulp fiction  known as â€Å"incest novels†. ———————————————— Laws Main article:  Laws regarding incest Incest is illegal in many jurisdictions. The exact legal definition of â€Å"incest,† including the nature of t he relationship between persons, and the types sexual activity, varies by country, and by even individual states or provinces within a country. These laws can also extend to marriage between subject individuals. In most places, incest is illegal, regardless of the ages of the two partners. In other places, incestuous relationships between two consenting adults (with the age varying by location) are permitted.Such countries where it is permissible and legal, includes for example the  Netherlands,  France, and  Spain. In  Sweden  the only type of incestuous relationship allowed by law is that between half-siblings and they must seek government counseling before marriage. [101] A jurisdiction's definition of an incestuous relationship will also limit who a person is permitted to marry. Some jurisdictions forbid first-cousins to marry, while others limit the prohibition to brothers, sisters, mothers, fathers, aunts and uncles. ——————â €”—————————- [edit]Religious views edit]Jewish Main articles:  Incest in the Bible  and  Jewish views on incest In three places in the  Torah, there are lists of family members between whom it is prohibited to have sexual relations; each of these lists is progressively shorter. The biblical lists are not symmetrical – the implied rules for women and men are not the same. Relationships compare as follows:   Ã‚  Forbidden for men Forbidden for women Forbidden for both men and women | Holiness Code| Deuteronomic Code| | Leviticus 18| Leviticus 20| | Grandparent's spouse (including other grandparent)| | | | Parent's spouse| Parent| | | | Stepparent| | | | Parent-in-law| | | | Uncle/aunt| Parent's sibling| | | | | Uncle's/aunt's spouse| Father's sibling's spouse| | | | | | Mother's sibling's spouse| | Parent's child| Half-Sibling (mother's side)| | | | | Father's child| Sibling| | | | | | Half-sibling (fa ther's side)| | | | Step sibling| | Sibling-in-law (if the spouse was still alive)| | | | Nephew/niece| Sibling's child| | | | | Nephew/niece-in-law| Spouse's brother's child| | | | | | Spouse's sister's child| | Spouse's child| Child| | | | | Stepchild| | | | Child-in-law| | | |Spouse's grandchild (including grandchild)| | | | Apart from the questionable case of the daughter, the first incest list in the Holiness code roughly produces the same rules as were followed in early (pre-Islamic) Arabic culture;[102]  in  Islam, these pre-existing rules were made statutory. [103] In the 4th century BCE, the  Soferim  (scribes) declared that there were relationships within which marriage constituted incest, in addition to those mentioned by the Torah. These additional relationships were termed  seconds  (Hebrew:  sheniyyot), and included the wives of a man's grandfather and grandson. 104]  The classical rabbis prohibited marriage between a man and any of these  seconds   of his, on the basis that doing so would act as a  safeguard  against infringing the biblical incest rules,[105]  although there was inconclusive debate about exactly what the limits should be for the definition of  seconds. [102] Marriages forbidden in the Torah were regarded by the rabbis of the Middle Ages as invalid – as if they had never occurred;[106]  any children born to such a couple were regarded as  Jewish bastards,[106]  and the relatives of the spouse were not regarded as forbidden relations for a further marriage. 107]  On the other hand, those relationships which were prohibited due to qualifying asseconds, and so forth, were regarded as wicked, but still valid;[106]  while they might have pressured such a couple to divorce, any children of the union were still seen as legitimate. [106] Christian In the Roman Catholic Church, marriage is generally not permitted if the potential spouses are related in the collateral line up to and including the second degree, although a dispensation may be granted permitting marriages etween first cousins or even uncle/niece unions as in the marriage of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor to his niece, and first cousin, Margarita Teresa of Spain in 1666. [citation needed]  The Church does not generally permit the marriage if a doubt exists on whether the potential spouses are related by consanguinity in any degree of the direct line or in the second degree of the collateral line. [108] In the  Eastern Orthodox Church, marriages are banned between second cousins or closer and between second uncles / aunts and second nieces / nephews (between first cousins once removed) or closer.Also, marriages that produce children that are closer genetic relatives than legal are also not permitted (unless the genetic relationship does allow marriage between those children). For example, two siblings may not marry two other siblings because legally their children will be cousins, but genetically they'll be half-siblings. On the other hand, two siblings may marry two cousins. [citation needed] The  Anglican Communion  allows marriages up to and including first cousins. But in all of the three preceding Christian churches, marriages to uncles, aunts, relatives in the direct line, or their respective spouses are not allowed. citation needed] Islamic Main article:  Mahram The  Quran  gives specific rules regarding incest, which prohibit a man from marrying or having sexual relationships with: * his father's wife[109]  (his mother,[110]  or stepmother[110]), his mother-in-law, a woman from whom he has nursed, even the children of this woman[110] * either parent's sister (aunt),[110] * his sister, his half sister, a woman who has nursed from the same woman as he, his sister-in-law (wife's sister) while still married. Half relations are as sacred as are the full relations. 110] * his niece (child of sibling),[110] * his daughter, his stepdaughter (if the marriage to her mother had been  consummated), his daughter-in-law. [110]| The main differences (apart from relationships between a man and his daughter) are: * a woman from  whom he has nursed * a woman who has  nursed from the same woman  as he * a niece| A  Hadith  also prohibits marriage to a woman and her parent's sister at the same time. [111]  The same applies for a woman with the male counterparts to the aforementioned. [edit]HinduHinduism  speaks of incest in abhorrent terms. Hindus are fearful of the bad effects of incest and thus practice strict rules of both  endogamy  and  exogamy  within  castes  (Varna) but not in the same family tree (gotra) or bloodline (Pravara). Marriages within the gotra (â€Å"swagotra† marriages) are banned under the rule of exogamy in the traditional matrimonial system. [112]  People within the gotra are regarded as kin and marrying such a person would be thought of as incest. i. e. Marriage with paternal cousins is strictly proh ibited. 113]  In fact marriage between two people whose parents are related paternally up to seven generations is expressly prohibited. Gotra is transferred down the male lineage while the Gotra of a female changes upon marriage. i. e. , upon marriage a woman belongs to her husband's Gotra and no longer belongs to her father's Gotra. Hence marriage with a person having same Gotra as of the original  Gotras  of grandparents is prohibited[citation needed]. Nevertheless, in  Tamil Nadu  of Southern India, Marriage with maternal cousins and marriages between Maternal Uncle and Niece were widely in practice a few decades back.However the tradition of getting married to maternal uncle has declined considerably now and may soon become a relic of the past. In matrilinial societies of  Kerala  marriage between first cousins were common. It is said to have helped in preserving family wealth. Buddhist Buddhist  societies take a strong ethical stand in human affairs and sexual b ehavior in particular. Most variations of Buddhism decide locally about the details of incest as a wrongdoing, according to local cultural standards. [114]  Sexual misconduct is mentioned but the definition of what constitutes misconduct sex is an individual issue. 115]  The most common formulation of Buddhist ethics are the  Five Precepts  and the  Noble Eightfold Path: one should neither be attached to nor crave sensual pleasure. These precepts take the form of voluntary, personal undertakings, not divine mandate or instruction. The third of the Five Precepts is â€Å"To refrain from committing sexual misconduct†. ‘Sexual misconduct' means any sexual conduct involving violence, manipulation or deceit – conduct that therefore leads to suffering and trouble. [116]  Buddhist monks and nuns strictly forbid any type of sexual misconduct but incest is not specifically efined as sexual misconduct, and therefore depends on the culture of the area, not on ma ndate from Buddhism itself. However, there are no enforced rules for laypeople in Buddhism, only guidance. Incest Incest  is sexual contact between persons who are so closely related that their marriage is illegal (e. g. , parents and children, uncles/aunts and nieces/nephews, etc. ). This usually takes the form of an older family member sexually abusing a child or adolescent. Laws vary from place to place regarding what constitutes incest, child sexual abuse, sexual assault, and rape. How common is Incest?There are very few reliable statistics about how often incest occurs. It’s difficult to know how many people are affected by incest because many incest situations never get reported. There are many reasons that the victim might not report the abuse. * The victim has been told that what is happening is normal or happens in every family, and doesn’t realize that it is a form of abuse * The victim may not know that help is available or who they can talk to * The victi m may be afraid of what will happen if they tell someone * The abuser may have threatened the victim The victim may care about the abuser and be afraid of what will happen to the abuser if they tell * The victim may be afraid of what will happen to them if they tell * The victim may also be concerned about how many people will react when they hear about the abuse * They may be afraid that no one will believe them or that the person they confide in will tell the abuser * The victim may be afraid that people will accuse them of having done something wrong What makes Incest different than child sexual abuse?All forms of child sexual abuse can have negative long-term effects for the victim. You can read about some of those effects  here. Incest is especially damaging because it disrupts the child’s primary support system, the family. * When a child is abused by someone outside the family, the child’s family is often able to offer support and a sense of safety. * When the abuser is someone in the family, the family may not be able to provide support or a sense of safety.Since the children (especially younger children) often have limited resources outside the family, it can be very hard for them to recover from incest * Incest can damage a child’s ability to trust, since the people who were supposed to protect and care for them have abused them. * Survivors of incest sometimes have difficulty developing trusting relationships * It can also be very damaging for a child if a non-abusing parent is aware of the abuse and chooses—for whatever reason—not to take action to stop it. * There are many reasons that a non-abusing parent might not stop the abuse. The non-abusing parent may feel that they are dependent on the abuser for shelter or income. * If the non-abusing parent was the victim of incest as a child, they may think that this is normal for families. * The non-abusing parent may feel that allowing the incest to continue is the only way to keep their partner. * The non-abusing parent may feel that their child was â€Å"asking for it† by behaving in ways that the parent perceives as provocative or seductive. * Unfortunately, many non-abusing parents are aware of the incest and choose not to get their child out of the situation, or worse, to blame their child for what has happened.This makes the long-term effects of incest worse. INCEST Liberalisation and the development of society have led to many forms of sexuality to be accepted. Something which was considered as scandalous is now more or less normal. If you search the term â€Å"incest† online, you will get the impression that this is yet another variation of normal human sexuality. Still, scientists claim that incest is sexual perversion which often signalises the family`s dysfunctional trait. Incest usually occurs in socially isolated families and points to pathologic relations within the family. What is it and what are its consequences? Incest  is defined as sexual intercourse or any form of sexual activity between closely related persons, especially within the immediate family. Incest between an adult and a child is known asinterfamilial child sexual abuse. – Even one third of child abusers are the parent or their spouse which is not the child`s birth parent. Relatives or close family friends are the abuser in 85 percent of child sexual abuse cases – doctor Gordana Buljan Flander told us. Children who suffered such sexual abuse have serious and long-term psychological damage, especially if parental incest is in question.Adults who experienced incest in their childhood tend to suffer from low self-esteem, they have difficulties in interpersonal relationships, sexual dysfunction and are at an extremely high risk of many mental disorders, experts claim. Variations to the theme There are several types of incest: Parent-child  is one of most common types of incest and statistics show it is usually fat her-daughter or stepfather-daughter incest. Other reports include mother-son incest or stepmother-son incest, while father-son incest is rarely reported. Sibling incest  is considered to be widespread, although experts believe it is rarely reported.Research conducted by scientist Floyd Martinson at an American university yielded interesting results. 10-15 percent of students admitted to having sexual experience with a brother or sister. Of those, 30% reported negative reactions and 30% reported positive reactions. A similar study conducted in 1993 in the USA showed that 16 percent out of 930 adults were sexually abused by their brother or sister before turning 18. This form of incest is often reported in families where the parents are often absent or are emotionally unavailable.Apart from these forms, there is incest that occurs between  cousins. Some countries believe marriage or sexual relationship of a widow/widower and a brother or sister of the deceased spouse is somewhat i ncestuous. – Psychiatry puts incest next to paraphilia, i. e. pathologic sexual activities which is a group name for every sexual activity that is considered unnatural in psychology and sexology. Apart from incest, paraphilia also includes paedophilia, sadism, masochism, sexual fetishism, exhibitionism, voyeurism, necrophilia, nymphomania†¦ Some are legally regulated, others are not.Also, there is a thin line for some: if unusual sexual activity is in question which the majority of people do not practice, a sexual disorder or behaviour which is morally condemned by the society – said doctor Domagoj Stimac, psychiatrist of Zagreb`s Policlinic for the protection of children. Why does incest happen? Science has not yet determined what makes people attracted to one person and repelled by others. – Sexual attraction is largely credited  to something we all know as `brain chemistry`, i. e. the central nervous system.Also, upbringing and earliest childhood exper ience affects who we will be attracted to. Still, scientists have yet to determine the exact `cause` why we are attracted to some people – doctor Stimac told us. Not fantasy, but reality There is a new case of incest in the media every  now and then, reminding us of the fact that it is an actual occurrence and not something that happens somewhere else. At the beginning of last year, a German court sentenced a 38-year-old man to 2 years and 3 months in prison for forcing his wife to have sexual intercourse with their teenage son.The first time she slept with him, he was only 15. After several times she was forced to have sexual intercourse, the wife reported the case to the police. What if love is in question? Recently, a story was published in Germany about a brother and sister, Susan (22) and Patrick (29), who are living together and have 4 children. Despite the fact Patrick has spent more than 2 years in prison and the environment cannot accept them, they are fighting to legalise their relationship and think banning incest means â€Å"denying sexual freedom†. They love each other and want to live together in a real marital union.Although aware their love is unusual to say the least, they do not want to give it up. Another case is a sexual-love affair between 61-year Australian and his 39-year-old daughter, who made their relationship public during a TV show when their daughter was born. – Incest is actually much more common than we would think, i. e. hope. It is more common in primitive societies, but it is still present in developed ones. This can be concluded from so called xxx websites, which offer us stories, photos and films with incestuous sexual relations.Still, incest is still a taboo, few people dare to openly speak about it – doctor Domagoj Stimac believes. INCEST Incest is one of the most interesting taboos of our time. The definition of incest is a highly controversial topic. Yet, the definition of incest is one of t he most important definitions for the people involved, though the legal and psychological meanings are not much the same. Incest needs to be similarly defined for the incestuous parties, both by the law and by psychologists. The definition of incest should be determined by the cases of incest.The people who commit incest and the types of incest should be considered when making this definition for the law. Why incest occurs has a great deal to do with the people and the types of incest. With the definition dissimilar between the law and psychologists, it is very difficult for the involved to do anything about it. The definition is both stated as wrong by law and by most religious morals. According to psychologists, incest is defined as: A) any intimate physical contact that is sexually arousing between non-married members of a  family. Justice, pg 25) What this is interpreted as is that sexual intercourse does not need to occur for a situation to be considered incestuous. Stroking, fondling, or even intimately kissing can be considered incest. This is not all true for the legal definition. In Georgia, incest is defined as any sexual intercourse between known relatives, by blood or by marriage, (meaning a step-parent and step-child. ) Incest laws basically exist to prohibit marriage or inbreeding between family members, and the sentences are almost never carried out. Kosof, pg 53) So incest is stated as wrong, but not enforced. The Bible states that incest is wrong, just as the law does. A Cursed be he who has relations with his father’s wife†¦ Cursed be he who has relations with his sister or half-sister! (Deu 27:20,22. )  Therefore, the definition can be altered to fit the needs of the definer. The different forms of incest are as follows: father-daughter, mother-son, brother-sister, and father-son. Conditions of incest don’t always involve intercourse, but still hurt the included. So, the conditions should help to define the firm meanin g. But surely at fourteen, I should have been capable of escaping†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Armstrong, pg 7)Father-daughter is the most common form of incest. Three-fourths of all reported cases usually involve dad and his oldest daughter. It is usually non-violent, and the daughters usually feel unattached to their mothers. (Kempe, pgs 48-51) Sometimes the daughter may act in a seductive manner toward her father, or the father might act as a big brother forcing his little sister to misbehave. (Armstrong, pg 235) If the daughter is seductive, then she might gain power over her father.This is not always true for mother-son incest. Mother-son incest is usually brought on as a way to highly express love, â€Å"sex education†, or the mother is promiscuous. If the mother feels like she is expressing her love to her son, then she uses sex as a means of closeness. (Justice, pg 102) There is either no husband or a passive husband. The mother can be very seductive and encourage the son to have s ex with her and limits the son’s social life. She acts on a â€Å"don’t leave me† attitude to keep her son tied down. Sometimes the son gets aroused my his mother and then becomes the aggressor. Justice, pg 103) If he isn’t attracted to mom, why not be attracted to his sister? This is the case in brother-sister, or sibling incest. It is less traumatic and the male participant may be proud about it. The brothers can become violent and force their sister to join in, although usually the sister is willing to participate. (Justice, pg 105) When both of the children are shy, the girl sees him as the only boyfriend she will ever have and becomes flirtatious. The two could also have mutual admiration, and then become sexually attracted to each other.This leads into the most rarely reported incest of the four. Father-son incest is rarely reported because it violates two taboos, homosexuality and incest. (Justice, 196) Males want to protect their masculinity, so t hey will not tell anyone. They pretend to like girls, and they date them, but tend to be attracted to boys. When they move out of the house, they sometimes choose to be a male prostitute. The fathers can be alcoholic and very abusive. The fathers of any incestuous relationship can have psychopathic or symbiotic personalities.Him who has a psychopathic personality seeks  stimulation, and has a â€Å"get even† aggressiveness. No feelings of guilt and a powerful need for aggression seem to happen often in most cases. â€Å"I literally could not walk out of the house without my father wanting to know where I was going, with whom, and when I would be back. †(Kosof, pg 17) He may be promiscuous or pansexual, (meaning that all he can think about is sex. Everything is a sex object to him. ) (Justice, pgs 83-85) The father with a symbiotic personality hungers for intimacy. The only way of expression he knows is through sex.There are four types of symbiotic personalities. The introvert, the rationalizer, the tyrant, and the alcoholic. The introvert is very protective toward his family and fells Aunder attack. â€Å"He cannot trust people and is easily disappointed. † The wife usually denies him sex. The rationalizer shows what â€Å"love† is, or teaches â€Å"sex education† to his daughter. The tyrant is the authoritarian; he uses threats and physical force to get what he wants. He pretends to have everything under control and hides the problem at home. His daughter â€Å"owes† him sex.He is very jealous and paranoid. The alcoholic is a dependant, although he tries to hide it. 10-15% of incest committers are alcoholics. Mothers share most of the characteristics of the father. The mothers may be promiscuous and long to be taken care of. Incest might begin as innocent sleeping with her son and then drifts into more physical things. She is not likely to have intercourse with her son, but she implies that someday she will give her self fully to the son, which can lead to the son being a violator, which is rare because the children of incest are mostly victims. Justice, pg 145)†Sex is not sex for the incest survivor. † (Blume, pg 207) Different children of incest act in different ways. It mainly depends on how the incest was brought about. Some may act untouched by the experience and seldom are able to defend themselves. When they reach adulthood, the might start experiencing flashbacks or amnesia. They live in denial and have an emotional shutdown. (Blume, pg 322) Sometimes they result in schizophrenia or multiple personality disorders. They also seem to have sexual shutdowns and are uncomfortable with it. But why does this occur?Incest usually occurs when sex stops between mother and father. Mom either denies dad sex, there is a major life crisis, or opportunity knocks. The opportunity for incest occurs when mother is gone all the time and so the daughter assumes the role of the mother. When this happens, there is a need for treatment. This is when the definition of incest is most important. The children are very scared and need confidence. If he/she tells a psychologist or teacher, that person is required by law to tell the authorities. (Kosof, pg 53) When the authorities are contacted, the definition comes into play.The child wants to feel safe, and if their definition of incest doesn’t live up to the law’s, then the charges could be dropped and the child gets into more problems with incest. Therefore, the background of the incest is very important to the law’s definition. By the people involved, the form, and why it occurs are critical to helping the child out when defining the term. The definition of incest by the law should be closer to the definition of psychologists in order to help out the family. â€Å"It is evident that we still know very little about how to treat the sexual offender and the abused child effectively. † (Kempe, pg 109)