Community Health Visit: Klinik Kesihatan

Network Health Visit: Klinik Kesihatan An Introduction to the Malaysian Healthcare System A large portion of us have been presented to the Malaysian healthecare framework one way another, be it, private facilities or government ones, even clinics on occasion. The Malaysian social insurance framework can be said to comprise of an expansive umbrella structure that includes the arrangement of medicinal services to both urban, not to mentioni additionally, the rustic districts of our adored nation. When all is said in done be that as it may, it tends to be ordered under people in general or private segment, which is evident in our nation. The open part which is upheld monetarily by the administration, establishes an incredible 80% of the absolute wellbeing administrations in our nation, the staying 20%, obviously, is given by the private area. The spine, or as it were, premise of Malaysian Healthcare, is framed on the establishments of the reciprocal system of private and government centers along with emergency clinics that are accessible to people in general. Each condition of our nation have their particular General Hospitals situated in the states capital. Locale medical clinics will be available in most authoritative areas. Wellbeing Centers (Klinik Kesihatan) will enhance these region emergency clinics. Under Health Centers, are the Rural Clinics (Klinik Desa). Contrasting the human services framework in Malaysia and other first world nations, for example, the United States of America and the United Kingdom, the medicinal services framework in Malaysia is intensely sponsored by our legislature, in the previously mentioned first world nations, treatment expenses can rocket high as can be. Our legislature has ensured that the value the individuals pay for treatment from the open segment his sensible and moderate to most of residents. In any event 5% of the national financial plan is distributed to medicinal services framework consumptions. Our legislature has recorded the 8 components of essential social insurance. To satisfy the 8 ELEMENTS, they offer these types of assistance as follows: Maternal and Child Healthcare Outpatient administrations Fundamental Dental Health Sustenance Ecological sanitation Basic medications Control of Communicable Diseases Wellbeing Education Research center administrations Association of Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Pelanduk Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Pelanduk is situated in the province of Negeri Sembilan, Port Dickson to be much increasingly explicit. There are 12 towns in the Jimah District territory, and this Klinik Kesihatan is situated there. On the 29th of July 1986, activities start to go on in this facility and the facility has filled in as significant community for the treatment and recuperation of the Japanese Encephalities and Nipah infection tainted patients. The immunization for the destructive Nipah infection. There are auxiliary centers, for example, Klinik Desa Chuah under the locale of Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Pelanduk that gives the clinical administrations, for example, maternal and youngster social insurance administrations. Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Pelanduk is likewise situated inside the span of 30 km from the Tuanku Jaafar Hospital and the Port Dickson Hospital in Negeri Sembilan Oganisation Chart Network nurture Public Health collaborator U19 (6) U17 (1) Inside and out there are 33 staff laborers. Klinik Kesihatan Mantin is going by an Administrative Doctor, who is straightforwardly capable to the District Health Officer. Under the Administrative Doctor are two posts, which are the Assistant Medical Officer, and the Head Nurse. The Head Nurse is a legitimate figure, there are 7 parts of the staff straightforwardly under her, which are the Assistant Pharmaceutical official Medical Lab Technician, Assistant Medical official, Senior Community nurture, Public Health nurture, Health nurture, and the Trained attendant. Under the Senior Community medical caretaker would be the Community nurture, and the Public Health collaborator. Segments of Health Services. The Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Pelandok has 6 fundamental offices which are the Outpatient, Maternal and Child Health, Pharmacy, Laboratory, Dental Health, and Emergency Department. The outpatient division is by a wide margin the greatest help rendered to the general population and can be separated in the outline underneath The outpatient division comprises of the diabetic, hypertension, psychological well-being, solid teenager and out patient facility. The out patient techniques of acquiring clinical administrations is appeared in the chart on the left. The outpatient office as such, works as the essential social insurance facility. It is going by an Administrator specialist( Medical Office). The out patient center sees an expected 100 patients each and every day. What's more, the head attendant and collaborator clinical officials will do their most extreme best to do their particular obligations to help the Administrator specialist in any obligations applicable to them. The Maternal and Child Health Clinic is going together by the overseer specialist and the head nurture. This aides in diminishing the outstanding task at hand of the director specialist. The head nurture along with the staff under her will, for example, network medical caretakers, will lead visit home visits and give antenatal registration to pregnant ladies inside that zone. Chart on the left shows a concise rundown of Maternal and Child Health administrations. The Laboratory Department, which is going by a clinical lab expert. The clinical research center isn't also prepared as those significant emergency clinics, thus the Laboratory Department of Klinik Kesihatan will team up with the Laboratory Department of the Tuanku JaafarHospital, for example, pee protein tests, thyroid capacity tests, lipid profile and renal capacity tests. Chart on left shows a short rundown of administrations gave by the Laboratory Department of Bukit Pelandok. Another significant segment of Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Pelandok. In the wake of counseling the clinical officials, patients who are qualified for solutions, will have their drug remedies gave to the associate pharmaceutical official, who will at that point flexibly the patients and illuminate them regarding the use of the prescription. Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Pelandok additionally has a dental division, the dental capacities under the equivalent operational hours of the facility. Tooth extraction, filling, scaling, brightening are offered types of assistance. Significant oral medical procedures anyway would be alluded to the Tuanku Jaafar and Port Dickson clinics. To wrap things up, there is likewise an Emergency Department, this office is prepared to deal with minor crises, it additionally has a rescue vehicle and paramedics. The bar graph on the left shows the ethnicity of the absolute number of patients in 2010. Administrations Provided by Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Pelandok. I have just expressed the different divisions of Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Pelandok in the Components of Health Services gave area. The divisions of this facility gives a wide scope of treatment modalities, subsequently permitting the center to guarantee that patients appreciate powerful treatment. The outpatient office is the most occupied of the considerable number of offices. The motivations behind the outpatient division are to give prompt treatment to patients who are intensely or incessantly wiped out, and furthermore to go about as a control for the center against infective illness, for example, Tuberculosis. Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Pelandok likewise gives the Tuberculosis Direct Observed Therapy Short-course treatment. Proceeding onward to the Maternal and Child Health care division, the facility basically centers around pre-birth, antenatal, not to overlook postnatal consideration of both the mother and baby. There is an objective to be accomplished, which is the objective of zero maternal passings. They are achieving this objective in a specific number of ways which incorporate prompt analysis and treatment of pre-eclampsia, vaccination of the mother and regular antenatal registration up until the evaluated conveyance date. There are additionally exercises booked by the office for impaired kids dependent upon the situation. For the Laboratory Department, their primary job is to empower the clinician in leading significant lab examines that will help in the finding and the executives of the ailment. The Laboratory Department permits the facility to get results a lot quicker contrasted with the time it takes to get results from a close by clinic. Some regular tests directed by this division are as per the following: Blood tests for HbA1c, lipid profile, platelet tally, ESR Light microscopy on blood smears to recognize blood issue, for example, iron deficiency, or parasites in the blood spreads. Urinalysis for poisons, glycosuria, urea and red platelet throws. Pregnancy test Other progressively multifaceted and muddled tests, for example, FTA-Abs for treponema pallidum, would expect tests to be acquired and sent to the Tuanku Jaafar or Port Dickson General Hospital for handling. The drug store is answerable for apportioning prescription in protected and legitimate adds up to patients, and to exhort patients on rehearsing consistence in taking their meds. Patients will likewise be advised as an afterthought impacts and contraindications of the medications. Reflections From watching the unpredictable structure of jobs and duties held by the various segments and branches of Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Pelandok, it uncovers the immense estimation of this specific facility in the arrangement and essential social insurance of the occupants in Bukit Pelandok. A large number of the patients who visit this facility are of the Malay ethnicity, I for specific, am one who isn't familiar with Bahasa Melayu contrasted with the English language. I discovered this could be a hindrance in speaking with patients who can just communicate in the Malay language. I have concluded that I will look over my Bahasa Melayu, and ace a couple of the everyday terms so that next time I would have the option to impart shockingly better in the Malay language. This center visit has instructed me that each segment of the staff has a section to play, and has figured out how to show me priceless exercises of turning into a cooperative person. Segment II: Household Survey Presentation Bukit Pelanduk is generally well known for the Nipah flare-up. Before the episode, during the 90s, it contain the biggest pig cultivating networks in S

The Deer :: essays research papers

It was the center of summer in a humble community called Harvey, in the city of Marquette, Michigan. The street (garage) to my families lodge is truly long it takes about a half-hour just to get to the lodge. Our camp is a practically nothing, curious, one room in the forested areas. There is a spring the streams around our territory, which is around 8 sections of land. About an a large portion of a mile away there is an overview lodge that we call "Jack's house". My father consistently said that there was an elderly person Jack, who lived there. He would disclose to us that Jack would watch us around evening time while we were snoozing. As far as anyone knows there was gossip that he ate people and creatures for survival.He even disclosed to us that there were bears all encompassing us, however I never really observed one. We ordinarily go there on ends of the week throughout the late spring for a get away from the city, yet in some cases we wind up remaining longer. There isn't generally a lot to do out there, so on the off chance that we don't get down to business, we go to Presque Isle Island close to our camp. It is situated in Marquette, Michigan, on Lake Superior, which is one of the coldest and greatest of the five Great Lakes. There are huge shakes out there that we climb called Black Rocks. Other than the stones there are a few parks with swings and slides, and a nature way that has a couple of site posts. It is so serene out there that everything you can hear are the hints of nature. As I pulled up in my vehicle, I halted and started to get out to take a stroll on the nature trail. As I looked into, I saw the deer. There was something in particular about the manner in which his powerless eyes looked at me. I gradually began to move toward him. It looked as though he had no desire for his life left. His hair was exceptionally slender yet unpleasant around his neck and legs. There was evaporated blood over his left eye it appeared as though he were in a destructive battle with another deer as of late. I gradually and serenely kept on strolling towards him attempting, however much as could be expected, not to alarm him in any way." It's alright, I won't hurt you. I need to attempt to assist you with living and be healthy." I said.As I drew nearer to him I could see felt covering two knocks on the highest point of his head.

We Want You!

We Want You! As per usual, CPW has again come and again, all of the prefrosh will be going insane trying to eat 500 lbs of food, watch people juggle with fire, run around campus at odd hours of the night, watch NextACT, and basically not sleep for an entire weekend. Current students/bloggers love to participate in CPW as well, but its really about the prefrosh experience, which is why we like to let YOU blog CPW. Bryan started this system two years ago and we continued it last year (with some issues, but well fix those this year!). So, here it is, the official I want to write a guest entry for the MIT blogs about my experience at CPW rules. You have to attend CPW to write an entry You must use paragraphs in your entry (personal peeve, I hate writing that is just a continuous block of text) Pictures are mucho preferred You should have your entry written sometime during the week after CPW Go ahead and upload all of the pictures using the blogging software of your choice and just send a text file containing the HTML code for the entry. Bloggers will go through it and make sure there are no formatting issues or dead images when it gets posted. Make it awesome! Nobody wants to read a boring blog entry about CPW. This year is a bit different. Only three entries will be published, as selected by Paul Baranay, Bryan Owens, and myself. Last year we went a bit overboard, so this year were being more selective. If youd like to declare your intentions, shoot us an e-mail before CPW, but if you dont then no sweat, you can still submit a blog entry without prior warning. Please send entries to snively [at] mit . edu ask-paul [at] mit . edu bryanblogs [at] mit . edu We will go through and pick our favorite three. Happy writing! Remember, make sure you get it to us within a week after CPW!

A Master s Degree Of Clinical And Mental Health Counseling

Credentials I hold a Master’s degree of Clinical and Mental Health Counseling (2015) from Immaculata University. My undergraduate degree in Psychology with a concentration in Abnormal Psychology was earned at Kean University. I am licensed in the state of Pennsylvania as a Licensed Professional Counselor and Certified Clinical Mental Health Counselor. Professional Experience I have been a licensed counselor for the past 3 years. I have experience in the areas and treatments of depression, anxiety disorders, acute psychosis, emotional deregulation, grief, and bi-polar disorder. In addition to, I hold a certification and training from Holcomb Behavioral Health System for clinical intervention with children and adolescents experiencing bullying in schools. Professional Affiliations I have a professional membership in the American Counseling Association (ACA) and the American Mental Health Counselors Association (AMHCA). I am also a member of the International Honor Society in Psychology, Psi Chi and the Beta Mu chapter of Chi Sigma Iota Counseling Honor Society. Counseling and Therapeutic Process Counseling is a safe, accepting, and comfortable way for you, the client, to share personal problems and stories. Counseling can help with self-awareness, self-acceptance, and growth for the client. Clients come to therapy because they want change, solve a problem, or bring a healthier balance to life. Clients should be aware that despite the fact that counseling can be funShow MoreRelatedPsychology : The Human Behavior And Mental Processes Through Laboratory Experiments, And Psychotherapy990 Words   |  4 Pagescategories of practice: psychologist, clinical psychologist and psychiatrists. Each of these categories differs in the scope of practice and number of years spent on education however; the ultimate goal of each is the same. The scope of practice for Psychologists is to study cognitive, emotional, and human actions by observing, interpreting, how people relate to one another and their environments. A psychologist is a person who counsels and works to help understand people s problems. Psychologists evaluateRead MoreDifferences Between Counselor, Msw, Pschologist, Psychiatrist, Therapist, Meditation Teacher1672 Words   |  7 PagesLPC, Licensed Professional Counselor or LMHC, Licensed Mental Health Counselor: 3 MSW or Master of Social Work: 4 Psychiatrists: 5 Clinical Psychologist: 5 Alcohol and Substance Abuse Counselors: 5 Marriage and Family Therapist (MFT): 6 Mental Health Nurses: 6 Life Coaching: 7 Conclusion: 7 References 10 Differences between Human Service Providers: There are many different types of Licensed Mental Health Professionals or Human Service Providers. A ‘Counselor’Read MoreThe Clinical And Medical Research1143 Words   |  5 Pagesis the difference between MD, PhD, PsyD, Ed. D, MA, MSE? The MD degree is a doctorate awarded to clinicians who have undertaken an extended period of scientific and medical research. It provides an opportunity for doctors to receive recognition of research achievement within an approved academic program. The Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is the granddaddy of all graduate level degrees - the highest and most prestigious degree the world over. PhDs in Psychology are offered in a variety of Read MoreApplication Of Songwriting Intervention At My Outpatient Adolescent Group Last Month1385 Words   |  6 Pagesasked me to explain my motivations and challenged me to find better solutions to oppositional behavior and truancy. Through psychotherapy groups, I realized that my peers were also struggling to navigate difficult situations. Individual and family counseling sessions became less of a threat, allowing me to move from a place of resistance to self-expression and awareness. 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Growing up, I spentRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1630 Words   |  7 Pagesat least a master s degree to pursue a psychologist career, but some may require a doctoral degree. It is important to know the educational requirements as well as state requirements when entering the field of psychology. Southwestern has helped me in pursuing my educational requirements for my field of interest in educational psychology and am confident that with my knowledge I will succeed as a school psychologist. There are many careers available with a psychology degree, the differenceRead MoreChicken Of The Woods - Turkey Tail1738 Words   |  7 Pagesapproximately 500 words your main academic interests, why you wish to study for the degree you ve chosen, why you wish to study at Syracuse University, how you expect to finance your studies, and your plans for the future after you receive your degree. Report Name I am submitting to Syracuse University’s School of Education for full-time enrollment in the Ph.D. program for Counselor Education and Supervision. I pursue this degree in the spirit of Syracuse University’s philosophy of â€Å"living excellence,† aRead MoreBenefits Of Gaining A Degree Essay1093 Words   |  5 PagesWhen choosing your degree path, there are a few things to consider. What are you looking to do with you degree. Are you starting fresh or continuing an education plan. Do you currently have a job in a certain field. Once you come to a final answer on what you want you can choose a degree. There are many benefits of gaining a degree in the field of Psychology. The top three benefits of Majoring in Psychology include improving your communication skills, achieving a better understanding of yourself

Pros And Cons Of Firefighting - 1623 Words

Dalton G. Smith K. Gorritz English 4 P4 5 Oct 2017 Firefighting, 2 Con’s, 1 Pro Firefighting is a profession that can weigh heavily on a person s emotional and mental well being, as well as their physical health, yet be rewarding at the same time. The first ever city fire department in the world was started in Edinburgh, Scotland,in 1824. It was called the Edinburgh Fire Engine Company and led by James Braidwood. The London Fire Engine Company was the next one established in London, England in 1832. On January 27, 1678 the first fire engine company was put into service in Boston under the direction of Captain Thomas Atkins. This company took the place of bucket brigades which had previously been used to control fires. In 1736 at the age†¦show more content†¦As of 2014, there were around 1,134,400 firefighters serving in 27,198 fire departments nationwide and responding to emergencies from 58,150 fire stations. Out of the 1,134,400 firefighters, 31 percent of them were professional firefighters and 69 percent of them were volunteers. Firefighters generally work long shifts that include weekends and holidays. The two most common types of shifts for firefighters are 24 hours on duty followed by 48 hours off duty, or 48 hours on duty with 96 hours off duty. On a daily basis, firefighters work with heavy, loud and dangerous tools such as axes, sledgehammers, chainsaws, k12 saws, the jaws of life, fire engines, SCBA (self contained breathing apparatus), hoses, water nozzles, among many other tools and apparatus. The Personal Breathing Apparatus (air pack) provides the firefighter with clean oxygen. It is made up of a high-pressure tank, a pressure regulator, and an air mask. To become a completely trained firefighter it can take up to 2 years if you decide to, or have to have your paramedic certification. 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Advanced Target Marketing Wound Care Free Essays

Citrus Memorial Wound Care facility provides comprehensive healing of chronic and acute non-healing wounds and offers hyperbaric oxygen therapy in an outpatient setting. The center utilizes a multidisciplinary approach to wound care. A team approach is used to provide patients with the most optimal wound treatment possible. We will write a custom essay sample on Advanced Target Marketing: Wound Care or any similar topic only for you Order Now The clinic optimizes its ability to provide patients with the best care possible by using advanced wound healing products including bioengineered skin products, total contact casting, and comprehensive compression wraps. The wound care center offers complete coordination of care including scheduling appointment for patients that require services that are provided outside of the clinic. Budget constraints on the marketing department has created a great need for market segmentation. Treating the surrounding population as a homogenous group is not cost effective or efficient. There is many benefits that can be obtained from a more selective target marketing approach than what is already currently used. Therefore Citrus Memorial Wound Care has recently adopted an new marketing outreach program that will be discussed in greater detail later in this summary. Lifestyle Profile Importance Costumer needs and preferences differ based on their lifestyles. It is important to research and utilize this information to produce the best marketing stagey possible. Eric Berkowitz (Berkowitz 2006, p. 111) wrote in the book Essentials of Health Care Marketing that, â€Å"Lifestyle is an important aspect affecting a consumer’s decision-making process. † The term lifestyle incorporates the way individuals perceive events, prioritize their interests, and how they spend their time. Obtaining knowledge about the surrounding demographic’s life style will greatly improve Citrus Memorials ability to develop appropriate strategies to market to specific consumers. To better the companies ability to market to the most beneficial market in the surrounding area the facility has established which market is the most likely to seek wound care treatment. Wound care patients are predominately patients 55 to 85 years of age with diabetes, venous or arterial insufficiencies, or post surgical patients. The optimal demographic for the wound care center to market to are insured patients that are highly motivated in maintaining their health and quality of life. The marketing department has selected the most promising and cost beneficial demographic groups to focus our marketing programs based on the previously stated information. Citrus county is predominately caucasian. According to the U. S Census Bureau (2009) persons 65 years make up greater than 30% of the total population. Specific locations in Citrus County have been targeted which contain the largest population of the target market. Exclusively 55 and older communities are frequent and will be targeted directly. Income levels are not significantly predictive of the most likely economical demographic that seeks wound care treatment. Both males and females utilize the services equally. In their annual report Wellflorida (Wellflorida 2010), states that Citrus County has a high percentage, 21%, of non-elderly uninsured individuals. This statistical data re-enforces the decision not to target this demographic. The statistical data has proven to be vary reliable and correlates directly with the observations of the author. Target Market Services for chronic non healing ulcers will be marketed to diabetic elderly adults ages 55 to 85 as well as disabled individuals. These services will also marketed to skilled nursing facilities as well as family practitioners in the area due to the large incidence of the selected demographic housed within the facilities. Specific areas in the community will be targeted that contain higher than average percentages of the target market. Hyperbaric treatments will be marketed to radiation therapy patients, diabetic ulcer patients, osteomyolitis patients, post surgical patients, as well as patients with osteoradionecrosis. Health professionals that will be marketed to for the hyperbaric therapy services include oncologist, cancer treatment centers, as well as reconstructive surgeons. Much care has been taken in deciding how the the marketing schemes will be positioned throughout the community. It is important to distinguish Citrus Memorial Wound Care from competitors and become local health professionals and consumers preferred location to prescribe services to or receive service at. Citrus Memorial Wound Care is a hospital based outpatient facility however there are significantly small rates of referrals from within the hospital itself. Significant marketing will be done within the hospital to encourage physicians and staff to utilize the wound care facility as a valuable resource. Educational lunches and promotional seminars will be offered to surround facilities that have been targeted as having a high likelihood of utilizing the wound care services Citrus Memorial provides. Social indicators are key to locating the appropriate location to advertise to. Selecting appropriate mediums to advertise through greatly improve responses from marketing. Citrus Memorial has adopted a direct marketing approach to target the best prospective consumers. Utilizing the database from the local chamber of commerce 26 health facilities have been selected that fit the desired target market profile. Representatives from each facility attended an educational dinner. The event showcased detailed information on how Citrus Memorial Wound Care can help each facility successfully treat patients. Each representative who attended the program was provided a box of Citrus Memorial Wound Care business cards. Patient education pamphlets, referral templates, as well as other promotional items were also distributed amongst the attendees. To stimulate patient awareness of the wound care facility throughout the community lifestyle profiles questionnaires have been distributed via newspaper inserts in select locations previously selected by the marketing department. The lifestyle questionnaires stimulate patients to become aware of their health status. The questionnaires are provided with free postage to the patient to increase the response rate. The questions asked in the marketing tools allows the marketing department locate potential patients as well as provides insight in to how the community perceives the facility. Conclusion Citrus Memorial Wound Care facility provides comprehensive healing of chronic and acute non-healing wounds and offers hyperbaric oxygen therapy in an outpatient setting. In order to improve patient visitations rates the center has adapted multiple techniques to improve its marketing ability. The center utilizes a multidisciplinary approach that provides patients with the most optimal wound treatment possible. Reaching the appropriate demographic through statistical analyzation of the communities lifestyle profile has proved to be successful and effective. The wound care center offers complete coordination of care that can benefit many individuals. It is the duty of the Citrus Memorial Marketing team to create the opportunities necessary for individuals to choose to peruse wound care at Citrus Memorial Heath Systems. How to cite Advanced Target Marketing: Wound Care, Papers

Grieving Process and Impact Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.co

Question: Discuss about the Grieving Process and Complicated Grief. Answer: Grieving process Grief is an emotional as well as behavioral response to a loss and there is no right or wrong way to grieve. Though loss and death are universal, losing an infant (Anna) before its birth becomes a traumatic life-event to their families resulting in complicated grieving process that causes negativity affecting their physical and emotional well-being (Kersting, 2012).The usual emotions of grieving families and its impact on grieving process are discussed here. Due to Annas unexpected and sudden death, the first common emotion they may exhibit is feelings of shock/ numbness. But, shock helps them to protect from painful feelings of loss that otherwise seem un-bearable. As shock lessens, a sense of disorganization; un-certainty or confusion sets leaving them disinterested in their regular activities, yet paves way to re-plan activities. Moreover, the families may experience volatile emotions as anger, hostility, resentment and bitterness (Douglas, 2012). They may feel guilty for their ch ild's death with nagging thoughts that they have not cared the antenatal mother or due to improper check-up. Their feeling of loneliness is the most painful part of grieving process which may trigger the features of depression, social withdrawal, emptiness, meaningless life, trouble in thinking, concentrating and sleeping, dreams of the deceased, tiredness/weakness, pre-occupation with death-events, searching reasons for the childs loss (senseless results) and dwells on mistakes (real/ imagined) (Douglas, 2012). At-last, they may recover from grief with a sense of realization but with painful memories. All these emotions are normal and remain as the part of a grieving process. Though these feelings are unpleasant, Annas family should be helped to accept the reality. Reference Douglas, C. (2012). Potter and Perrys Fundamentals of Nursing- Australian version. (4th ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Complicated grief after perinatal loss Kersting, A Wagner, B. (2012). Complicated grief after perinatal loss: Dialogues Clinical Neuroscience. 14 (2): 187194. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384447/ Complicated grief after perinatal loss

Activity Based Costing

Activity Based Costing Introduction Activity based costing (ABC) is a widely adopted accounting practice where the cost of making various products and services are based on the companies’ activities (Panda1999, p. 5).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Activity Based Costing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The costs are specifically allocated to products and services according to the level of consumption of each category but comprehensively, it assigns more indirect costs into direct costs (unlike other conventional accounting practices) (Armstrong 2006, p. 363). The major benefit associated with this accounting technique (ABC) is that a company can be able to specifically know which products and services take up most costs and which are overpriced and less profitable so that a required remedy is developed. Activity based costing basically works by allocating the overall resource costs according to the activities commensurate with the m to the final products and services that are produced by a given company (Armstrong 2006, p. 363). In a more general sense, the technique is basically used to understand a company’s profitability in relation to the costs incurred when producing various goods and services. In this regard, it is important to note that activity based costing has been widely adopted by many organization because it aids in decision-making processes that touch on pricing, outsourcing, identification, and the actual benchmarking of the standards of production of goods and services (Panda1999, p. 5). However, in as much as the activity based costing technique has been beneficial to many organizations; many are also finding it very difficult to implement it. This trend has seen a number of organizations in emerging economies face a number of challenges adopting the technique, despite evidence of incredible success of its implementation in other parts of the world existent in many literature excerpts. Significant challenges have been recorded in areas touching on acceptability, augmentation (with other computer systems in the organization), ensuring the system is of value to the company and its environment (among other challenges) (Liu and Pan 2007).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This study will critically analyze the experiences and challenges of such companies in implementing ABC and how many of them have been able to succeed with this process, while others have openly failed. This will be done through an analysis of two companies (XU JI Electrical Company Limited and Global Electronics Inc) operating in emerging markets. XU JI Electrical Company Limited Though activity based costing has been widely adopted in the Western world, there is still increased skepticism among many companies operating in developing economies of its effectiveness. Such is the situa tion observed in China (Liu and Pan 2007). In fact, Hu (2001) explains that the implementation of Activity based costing in China is still at the theoretical level. This situation can be evidenced in the case of XU JI Electrical Company Limited which is based in China. The company is basically an electronics company that manufactures electronic goods used in the development of public infrastructures like rail. Activity based costing technique was introduced in the company in the year 2001 when there was a strong need to devise methods on how to tackle increased competition in the industry and to employ more efficient accounting techniques for better performance. The initial system was particularly based on the labor-hour absorption rate where costs were allocated across production lines. This system was largely inefficient because it inhibited the company from pursuing competitive pricing strategies. Activity based costing was therefore introduced in the early months of the year 200 9 under the First product department where the main objective for implementing the costing technique was to establish accurate product costing information for purposes of cost control (Liu and Pan 2007). In the implementation of the activity based costing technique, the services of an implementation team was sought, where their primary mandate was to train the existing employees on how to use the system and to build an ABC conceptual model. The latter task was effectively carried out, except for the general administrative and finance expenditures which contributed an overwhelming expenditure of approximately 77% of the entire cost budget. Due to the fact that there was an increased organization structure inhibition, the implementation team decided to develop the ABC conceptual model on the number of employees evidenced in each given activity (as a temporary measure) (Liu and Pan 2007).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Activity Based Costing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From this analysis, we can see that the company’s operations in China’s fast-paced business environment posed a challenge in the overall implementation of the ABC model because it was difficult to maintain it on an up-to-date level. In fact, similar research studies point out that many more companies face the same challenges especially in identifying a good cost driver for the application of ABC because some of these cost drivers become obsolete after a given period of time (Liu and Pan 2007). Liu and Pan (2007) further explain that the same situation has been evidenced in a number of Western economies where many companies have had to abandon their ABC implementation processes because of the volatility of the economy. After basing the model on the number of employees, the Activity based costing model had to be computerized where a specific Chinese software was identified for this purpose. However, during the imp lementation process, the lack of experience in dealing with such software augmentation led the company into significant conceptual errors that almost grounded the activities of Activity Based Costing implementation process. The company therefore had to seek the guidance of the activity based costing implementation team manager to asses the situation and provide possible remedies. The team manager did so, and after determining the company’s rationale, the project went on smoothly. The company was therefore able to produce monthly Activity based costing reports but there was a significant challenge in augmenting the ABC software with other computer softwares that were in existence before it. From this analysis, we can see that there is a strong need for technical expertise in the product implementation stage of ABC implementation to tackle functionality and compatibility issues. This fact is also supported by Baker (1998, p. 257) who affirms that the input of technical expertis e is vital in the overall successful implementation of ABC. The technical expertise evidenced in the above scenario was characteristic of the team manager’s input in salvaging the situation (ABC implementation). As regards functionality and compatibility issues, it should be understood that the incompatibility of the ABC system and other computer systems was likely to pose a problem for other staff members in the organization (like in the warehouse division or the finance department) because there normally are instances of increased workloads where the officers have to double-check data added by the frontline managers into the ABC system.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In making the employees and staff receptive to the new ABC system, XU JI Electrical Company Limited decided to adopt the formal feedback session technique (Liu and Pan 2007). This technique was successfully used to show employees the benefits of the system; a process which ultimately led to a lot of satisfaction among the company staff. However, some sense of resentment was observed from the front-line managers who pointed out the demanding nature of inputting data into the system as their biggest cause of concern regarding the system. Nonetheless, after subsequent meetings, there was a growing level of understanding among the managers. A link between ABC implementation and performance measures was identified to be the biggest cause for concern when analyzed in terms of future implementation considerations of the project which was considered to be a future agenda for discussion. From this analysis, we can see that the inclusion of the bottom-level and top-level employees in the impl ementation process was critical to the acceptance of the costing technique. Though there were significant objections coming from front-line managers, there were subsequent discussions aimed at seeking employee buy-in that brought the managers onboard. This analysis shows that constant communication between all stakeholders in the organization is likely to improve the probability that changes will be accommodated in the organization. Global Electronics Inc Global electronics Inc is a company specialized in making power semiconductors for signal processing and power control applications and many of its products are also used in braking antilock systems, airbag systems, computer keyboards, modems and the likes. During the end of the year 1999, the company had experienced a significant dip in sales that caused a lot of tension within the company (as regards the long-term prospects of the company’s sustainability) (Juras 2003, p. 1). To remedy this situation, the company decided t o employ the activity based costing system to uphold the company’s efficiency. In a general sense, the company experienced significant success in implementing the ABC system because its new manager, Chris Richards, had a good background in ABC. This was the first step that could be learnt from the company’s experience in implementing ABC because the company’s new manager brought a lot of technical expertise that could be used in implementing the ABC model. In a more general sense, this analysis shows that importing beneficial technical expertise is a positive move towards ensuring smooth implementation of ABC. It is also important to note that having someone with a significant experience about the implementation of ABC, spearheading the process, is also a good move for the company. It was also observed that the education about the new model (ABC) and the task of wrapping management’s thoughts around the new model was still attributed to him (Chris Richard s, the new manager). Basically, management’s buy-in could be attributed to his influence. This analysis is important to organizations that experience problems getting management to adopt to new changes in the organization. More essentially, it is important to note that having someone with considerable experience regarding ABC, in the managerial team is a plus towards getting the overall managerial team to accept changes in the organization. Another reason for the smooth implementation of the model was attributed to the company’s operating capacity. The company‘s director of manufacturing (cited in Juras 2003, p. 2) affirmed that: â€Å"The number one thing we had going for us was an urgency factor. I truly believe people would not have given us the time of day with respect to ABC if we were making 10 percent return on sales. Having operating losses of $100 million causes people to listen†. Moreover, in successfully implementing the ABC model, a steering co mmittee which encompassed most members of all the company’s departments was quickly formed. The members came from finance committees, product engineering, operations management, and other functional teams of the organization, but extra assistance was also sought from external organizations to enable the company effectively implement the ABC model (Juras 2003, p. 2). The move to include members from various departments of the organization ensured that the steering committee was holistic, in terms of member contribution because all the departmental members represented most functional areas of the organization. It is also important to note the input of the steering committee in the implementation of the ABC model because it played a vital role in the entire process. The steering committee basically went ahead to define the tasks of each company plant department, assign the resource costs to the specific activities, and determine the activity drivers, among other technical areas of the ABC implementation model (it is important to note that all functional managers of the organization gave support to the steering committee) (Juras 2003, p. 1). From this analysis, we can see that having a steering committee was quite vital to the successful implementation of the ABC model, considering the above tasks are key in the design stage of implementing the ABC model (Salvendy 2001, p. 2319). It is therefore vital for organizations that have a problem going past the design stage of the ABC model to have a steering committee that specializes on moderating the tasks to be covered at this stage. It was also confirmed by Global Electronics’ manager that setting short-term goals during the implementation of the ABC model was essential in ensuring the process implementation process was smooth (Juras 2003, p. 3). The short-term goals set for the implementation of the ABC model was meant to improve the product cost accuracy and optimize the company’s product mix. A long-term objective was also established, and it was meant to transit the company into a long-term activity based costing management criterion. This is also another pointer that can be borrowed by organizations which have a problem implementing the ABC model because quite a number fail to understand the short-term and long-term goals of implementing ABC in the first place. Having clearly set short-term and long-term goals is therefore vital to the overall implementation of the ABC model because it steers the organization into the right direction during implementation. Integrating the new ABC model with other existent systems was also a tricky affair for the company, but it successfully managed to undertake the ABC model in an offline manner where the system was managed separately from the previously existing labor-based standard costing system. In the same manner, the new model was also managed separately from the financial reporting system. However, it was quite tricky for the co mpany to maintain the offline system because there were issues of employee behavior, and other issues arising from previous negative experiences learnt from the PUC process that the company engaged in. Part of this problem was summarized by Juras (2003) that: â€Å"The problem with a non integrated approach, even though it is certainly a lot simpler and less risky, is how do you affect behavior?For example, you cant run the marketing organization based upon achieving some desired gross margin when they are relying upon bogus costs to push the stuff that you dont want them to be pushing.But, how do you motivate these people to go after the right set of products if youve got a bunch of accountants sitting over here who have knowledge derived from some offline system that nobody else is aware of?† (p. 3). This experience showed that despite the fact that the company had a remedy to solve the problem of implementing the ABC model; it still experienced significant challenges in su staining the strategy for long. The biggest cause for this problem can be attributed to the fact that the organization failed to include the behavioral aspect of implementing this strategy. From this analysis therefore, we can observe that the failure to include the behavioral considerations of implementing the ABC model in the organization can eventually render the whole strategy useless. Comprehensively, the ABC implementation process went on as planned and fell within a nine-month schedule, but this smooth transition could be attributed to including activities within the cost model that bore a strong influence to strategic product pricing and mix decisions (Juras 2003, p. 3). The inclusion of a centralized project team also contributed a lot to the coordination of activities that were done in the implementation process. This team was quite crucial in ensuring a sense of consistency was observed within all plants. It is also identified that the top-bottom approach of implementing the ABC model was deemed appropriate because such a model was basically aimed at making lower-level employees understand the benefits of the ABC model. Moreover, it was identified that the ABC model was essentially hatched at the company’s headquarters and it was the duty of management to push the idea down to lower-level managers and employees (regardless of their personal decisions) (Juras 2003, p. 3). Interestingly, the move by the company’s project team to educate the plant manager was criticized by the company’s manager as ineffective because of the assertion that: â€Å"When we went to the plants to do training, it was like a whirlwind tour; we just showed them some charts and said, now sit down and we are going to ask you some questions.I dont think we put ourselves in our internal customers shoes. We paid very little attention to their constructive concerns or their need to truly understand ABC†. Conclusion This study points out the challenges and successes of implementing ABC by two companies operating in emerging markets. Comprehensively, we see that firms in emerging markets have a significant problem in accepting ABC because it is not a previously implemented model. Having a steering committee and seeking the services of an external agency (with a significant experience in ABC implementation) is a good strategy to making existing managerial teams accept changes. We have also seen that there is a significant challenge experienced by the companies in augmenting ABC with previously existing computer applications, and comprehensively, we see that seeking technical expertise in doing so is a good move towards ensuring there is a smooth transition into ABC, without causing any operational hitches. Also, we see that having clearly set goals is an important tool to steer the implementation of the ABC model in the right direction. This observation is critical, in the sense that, many organizations have been identified to abandon ABC implementation because they do not have a clear understanding of the importance of implementing the ABC model in the first place. In a general sense, we can see that adopting a top-bottom implementation strategy is also important in ensuring the ABC mode is implemented effectively. Burke (2006) affirms this fact and implies that the top-bottom implementation strategy is important because the decision to implement an ABC model is normally undertaken at the company’s headquarters and many organizations expect managers to ensure employee buy-in, to make the transition a success. Conclusively, we can say that organizations operating in emerging markets experience challenges of transitioning from old accounting models to ABC and therefore, tactical strategies need to be adopted to ensure there is a smooth transition from old accounting models into new models. References Armstrong, M. (2006) A Handbook Of Management Techniques: A Comprehensive  Guide To Achieving Managerial E xcellence And Improved Decision Making. London, Kogan Page Publishers. Baker, J. (1998) Activity-Based Costing and Activity-Based Management for Health  Care. London, Jones Bartlett Learning. Burke, L. (2006) CIMA Learning System 2007 Management Accounting Decision  Management. London, Butterworth-Heinemann. Hu, Y.M. (2001) The spontaneous formation and development of ABC, ABM in Chinese Organization. Accounting Research (China), 3, 33–38. Juras, E. (2003) Global Electronics, Inc.: ABC Implementation and the Change  Management Process. (Online) Web. Liu, L.Y.J. and Pan, F. (2007) The implementation of Activity Based Costing in China: An innovation action research approach. The British Accounting Review, 39, 249 264. Panda, N. (1999) Activity Based Costing For Indian Industries. New Delhi, Mittal Publications. Salvendy, G. (2001) Handbook of Industrial Engineering: Technology and Operations  Management. London, Wiley-IEEE.

Student Black People and Henretta Essay

Student Black People and Henretta Essay Student: Black People and Henretta Essay Amanda Watson HISTORY 102 0002 American History Since 1877 November 27 2012 Life in Mississippi in the 1940’s and 1950’s Growing up in Mississippi was extremely harsh and dangerous for African Americans in the 1940’s and 1950’s. The coming of age in Mississippi was a good example of firsthand experience of the living conditions, daily life, work, schooling, and violence in the South. Anne Moody experienced life with all kinds of White people. Some White people were kind and loving towards Moody. Some White people were racist and mean to Moody. The Moody family lacked nutritional food and basic living necessities. Mississippi was one of the hardest states for African Americans to live in the 1940’s and 1950’s due to racism. After growing up in Mississippi Moody knew that when she turned 18 and graduated from high school she wanted to move away from Centreville and go to college to be free of White racism. The living conditions for many African Americans in Mississippi where worse than animals. They lived in shacks that were made out of rotten wood. The shacks were previously used as slave’s quarters before the abolition of slavery. Many living quarters for African Americans were comparable to the barns that plantation owner’s animals lived in, only worst. Moody’s family moved from many different shacks when her parents would switch jobs. They normally were crowded and had little furniture. They did not have real walls, only wall paper and cardboard to cover the holes (Moody p. 3). Most African American families would live on the plantations that they worked. They would all sleep in one room and eat, cook, bath, and congregate in the other (Moody p.30). Most of the shacks didn’t have plumbing or toilets indoors. African Americans would use outdoor toilets and take baths in a metal tubs, a barrel, or an animal feeder. Plantation life was similar to life as a slave. African Americans would sharecrop or farm for the White plantation owners in exchange for housing and low wages. White people had owned a lot of land that needed to be farmed. There were many shacks that available for African Americans to live in on the plantations. Moody grew up in a shack right next door to a huge beautiful mansion on top of a hill that overlooked the other shacks (Moody p. 3). African Americans knew that animals were living better than them and their children. African Americans hoped for a better future and work hard every day. They learned to be content with their lives and the slow change in equality. Debt replaced the whip of slavery. Poverty replaced the burden of free work. The right of being free came with a larger price of starvation and a poor living standard. When African Americans were freed, they had to find a way to put a roof over their family’s head and provide their own meals. When African Americans were slaves it was the owner’s job to feed them and provide housing. In exchanged they would get free labor and make a huge profit. The plantation owners decided what to pay the African American workers. Unfortunately, they also decided on how much to charge for them to live on their land while they worked it. The daily lives of Southern African Americans were harsh and back breaking. In Moody’s childhood; long days of being left alone was normal. Many parents only option was to go to work and leave their children at home by themselves. There was always a risk of death, mistreatment, or accidents when parents left their kids alone. Fires were common and they consumed the whole shack within minutes, because the wood was dry and rotten. Their stoves were a huge fire hazard in the shacks. Some raciest White people would set the houses on fire too. Moody’s family lost one house to Jr. (Moody’s brother) knocking over the stove (Moody p. 29). Moody’s cousin Gorge Lee set the wall paper on fire while babysitting (Moody p. 8). Moody had been beaten by her cousin and Diddly (Moody’s biological father). Family violence in the

Databases vs. Spreadsheets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Databases vs. Spreadsheets - Essay Example This paper illustrates that there are many serious drawbacks of using spreadsheet for data storage, for instance, it is awkward to recover or access data from any, however, the unsophisticated queries, provides little or no data authentication and validity as well as little or no protection in opposition to data corruption from well-meaning but inexperienced and inadequately trained users. A database element can store simply the data for which it is created on the other hand spreadsheets offer the flexibility. In this scenario, any cell can be used to store and maintain numbers, text or charts. From the discussion, it is clear that a database is essential for storing a large amount of data in a secure way. A database is essential for storing banking data, human resource and other similar data where security and efficiency are critical. The researcher would recommend Oracle Database, which a well-known database development tool. The researcher has recommended Oracle Database because i t provides to its users some of the excellent capabilities such as scalability, leading performance, security and reliability in all the environments such as Windows, UNIX, and Linux. In addition, it offers a wide variety of tools and functionalities to effortlessly handle the most difficult business intelligence, transaction processing, and content management applications.

Group and Teams Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Group and Teams Paper - Essay Example In this regard, the essay aims to proffer an explanation of the differences between a group and a team. Likewise, the importance of workplace diversity in an organization would be included and how it relates to team dynamics in the workplace and how it relates to team dynamics in the workplace. Differences Between Groups and Teams To distinguish between groups and teams, respective definitions are hereby noted. According to Martires and Fule (2004), a group is â€Å"a collection of people interacting with each other for fairly some time utilizing certain resources and methodologies to achieve common goals or interests† (p. 93). On the other hand, Clark (1997) defined a team as â€Å"a group of people coming together to collaborate. This collaboration is to reach a shared goal or task for which they hold themselves mutually accountable. A team is a group of people with a high degree of interdependence geared towards the achievement of a common goal or completion of a task rath er than just a group for administrative convenience† (par. 3). ... 1). Thereby, the role and participation of leaders and members in goals setting and decision- making differentiates one from the other. Further, the significant role that collaboration plays in a team separates it from a group. Importance of Workplace Diversity Greenberg (2006) defines diversity in the workplace as â€Å"the variety of differences between people in an organization†¦Diversity encompasses race, gender, ethnic group, age, personality, cognitive style, tenure, organizational function, education, background and more† (par. 1). The importance of workplace diversity is seen from the benefits accorded to both the employees and the organization. The research of Greenberg stipulates that diversity has the capacity for â€Å"increased adaptability, broader service range, variety of viewpoints, and more effective execution,† (pars. 4 – 6) among others. By supporting a diverse workforce, organizations foster a more balanced working environment as differe nt ideas, perspectives, and suggestions for strategies, problem-solving, and decision-making are readily available. Relation of Diversity to Team Dynamics in the Workplace Discoveries from diverse research indicate that diversity supports teambuilding and cohesion, increasing the dynamic interrelationships among teams within the organization. A study conducted by Davis and Bryant (2008) indicates that diverse teams surpass the performance of homogeneous teams in various aspects. The authors averred that â€Å"diverse environments also yield more effective collaboration and teamwork than homogenous teams. There are a variety of ways to solve a problem; leveraging the input of a diverse staff population helps organizations arrive at better decisions. You can’t underestimate the value of the creativity

The Malaysian constitution

The Malaysian constitution The Malaysia constitution is a measureable collective and guidelines to regulating the administration of a country. The guideline for Constitution is mainly on the basis for making laws, to rule the government in the country for fairly and efficiently. Besides that, the outline of the constitution is also to provide basis freedom, rights, responsibilities for the parties in the government, citizenship, finance, judiciary, general election and the power and responsibilities to distribute to the parties between the government and the state government. Background of Malayan Constitution The Malaysian Constitution is the basis and beginning of the Federation of Malaya Constitution it is towards for Independent Malaya that formed on 16 September 1963. From the background of the Constitution 1948 of the Federation of Malaya Constitution is replaced by the Reid Commission 1956, which is formulated to the new constitution to dissolution from the Malayan Union. Let us look in to the changes for the steps to the evolution of the Malaysian Constitution. 1945 Back to few years before the independent there are some changes that leading the forming of the supreme legal resources to apply for the independent democratic country from the defeat of the Japanese Second World War ended and surrendered from the year 1945. From the period of the Japanese surrender and so as the British return to Malaya and gave the opportunity to Malayan Communist Party (MCP) to government in Malaya. The MCP only gets to control the Malayan for 14 days because the chaos and the trouble were created by the member. On the September 1945, the British return to Malaya and help to restore the peace by established the British Military Administration ( BMA ) to ruled the chaos military but they realized is failed, the British have decided the proposed, Another new system of administrative of Malayan Union. The British Parliament has presented the white paper the created of the new system of administration in Malaya, on 10 October 1945 that called as Malayan Union. In the proposal of Malayan Union is included the states of Federated, such as Perak, Negeri Sembilan, Selangor and Pahang, and so as the Unfederated stated such as Penang Island, Malacca Kelantan, Kedah, Terrengganu, Johor and Perlis. (www.sejarahmalaysia.pnm.my) The main reason for this Malayan Union is to protect the economics for the British to Malaya is under one ruling system to standardize the administration. This ruling system is to cut down the administrative cost for the Malay states. Thru this system, is showing that the British officer is hatred by the Malayan Union and had against the Malays for support during the Japanese for their Occupation in Malaya. So they felt is grateful to MPAJA that had opposed the Japanese. The listed is the following of the Malayan Union features, Is had formed up the nine states of Malay states, and so as Penang and Malacca. Kuala Lumpur is the centre of the British Government that was a British Government which assisted to Governor for Executive Council and Legislative Council. The Governor is only advised by the Malay rulers, the sovereignty is a ruler of their own states is wiped off and the main issues is only to authority the Islam issues and as the Head Malay council of Advisors. It is also to maintain the purpose of the State Council to manage the local government, but still under control by the central government. Singapore is not under the Malayan Union because is still under the British colonial territory by the ruled of British Governor General thats above the of Malayan Union The principle of jus soli is based on the citizenship. From this principle, the citizenship was obtained by (a) at the age of 18 years old or above of the foreigner, have to resided in Malay thru 10 out of 15years period before 15 February 1942 and (b) a person who born in after under forming Malayan Union. The citizenship have a rights that regardless from the race or origin, that have can entry into the government services to vote in the general election. 1946 Harold MacMicheal, have been assigned for a task to gather the Malay state rulers for approval for the Malayan Union. In 1 April 1946, the Malayan Union is officially proclaimed and Edward Gent is the first Governor and the Malays in the country were against the Union. There are some parties opposed have been setting up to opposition of the Malayan Union. This parties is for the individual to voices out their opposition by mass media thru the newspapers Majlis and Utusan Melayu and is regarding the matters of power and sovereignty of the Malay rulers thru the have right for the foreigner on the principle of jus soli. In 1-4 March 1946, of the Selangor Malay Union by Dato Onn Jaafar total 107 representations and 56 observers from 41 Malay Union is attended. As the result, of the Congress was formed the United Malay National Organization (UMNO) by Dato Onn Jaafar as a president. The slogan of Long live the Malays is coming out from the Dato Onn Jaafar and Malays Leaders thats have trav elled around the country to get the Malays to defend the position and their rights. There are some reason for the Malays to opposed the Malayan Union is, The granting of the citizenship to the non-Malays. On the 1947, the Malays population is only at 47.46%, therefore is have great effect on the economic and political at that time because the non-Malays is over took the population of the Malays. Erosion of Malays rulers power and sovereignty. The rulers of it is for the Malays to become the supreme head to have more power. In this point, if the rulers is lost is as a result the lost of the Malays power as well. MacMicheals treats in getting the rulers to sign the agreement. The forces and threatened the Malays rulers to sign the agreement to form Malayan Union and the Malays has become angry. Meanwhile, the opposition is came by the former British officer from Malaya, Frank Swettehem, R.O. Winstedt, George Maxwell and Cecil Clementi Smith. From this British officer , the British is to abolished the Malayan Union and since then the non-Malays is not interested in the Malayan Union by saying the is being colonial and undemocratic. The British have decided to postpone the right of the enforcement of the right for the citizenship. From this implementation of the Malayan Union as a result to leading to failure as according some matter, Strong opposition from the Malays. The strong sense of nationalism from the Malays towards the Malayan Union. No strong support from the non-Malays. Due to excluding of Singapore the non-malay is lost of interested in the Malayan Union. Wrong timing. The result from the Japanese occupation is still remaining the feeling of enemy still exist between the Malays and the Chinese and the condition of it, is still not yet peaceful. Due to the economic and the social is still a problem and have a strong gut the Malayan Union is only for the Malays and not to favoring the non-malays, the strong loyalty from the Malays as well at that moment. Wrong introduction. In London, the blackmail to get the agreement to sign by the rulers is still a strong objection by the Malaya people Opposition from former British administrators in Malaya. The former British is protected the special right for the Malays. 1948 Federation of the Malaya ( Persekutuan Tanah Melayu PTM ) was formed on 1, February 1948 the decision of the British Government. On 25 July, 1948, have a new constitution to replace the Malayan Union. The members of the committee is by 6 British officer, 4 representatives Malays rulers and 2 UMNO representatives is different from the Malayan Union, including the following matter, Is giving protection to the Malay rulers of power and soverrignty A constricted condition for the non-malays citizen and special right for the Malays. However, from this pressure of the Malays and the British Government, is not fully accepted by the other group from the non-malays and the Malays community. The non-Malays have formed All-Malaya Council of Joint Action ( AMCJA) and so as the Pusat Tenaga Rakyat ( PUTERA ) for the Malays, these two forces have joint together as AMCJA-PUTERA because they have different view of the UMNO. Its have become same objective to fight for the independence of the country. The formation of the Federation of Malaya is fixed by the British Government on 1, February 1948 for it to established and the British High Commissioner is the head, for the Legislative Council and Federal Executive Council, and for the nine Malays states include of Penang and Malacca, will have they right over their own states. The state government is responsibility for the local government, land matter, health, education and agriculture. The Malacca and Penang Island, the administration have comes under the Resident Commissioner. The aim from the British is to establish Federation of Malaya to independence. For the non-Malays that born in Malaya, can grant their citizenship. From this challenge the British have decided to divide the rule and policy according to the place of residence and occupation. According to the Barnes Report in school, the English is at secondary level and the primary is at Malay. For the Chinese school from the Fen-Wu report is remains unchanged. The British Government had set up the Inter-Ethnic Relations Committee to have an open discussion for racial problems. On this Committer is to gives the Malay to involve themselves in business and industry, the non-Malays is on politics. The General election is introduced to give peace and prosperity to the nation. The Member System is introduce in the Federal Legislative Council to gives local people to involve in administrative system. The purpose of this Member System is to give the local people is to appoint as representative in the central government position and to created the spirit of cooperation and compromise between the people to the administrative. In 1951, the politics parties become strong to wants to achieve the independence. Dato Onn Jaafar is the head of UMNO, have joint the parties with MIC and MCA to Alliance, to created a strong union with Malays, Chinese and Indian, that gives strong strength and support to the communities in the country. However, there are also some party that wanted to achieve the independence thru that combines from PUTERA and combine from the Malays and Indonesian by created Melayu Raya. There are also some other parties such as MCP, thats involved in revolution in China and Russia and so as other parties like Islamic wanted to set up an Islamic government. UMNO have change the slogan Long Live the Malays to Merdeka in 1951. In February 1952, the UMNO and MCA have won 9 seat out of 12 seat, and from this, the UMNO willing to sacrifice and share the power with other committee for unity to have a wide support from the Alliance. In April 1953, Dato Onn Jaafar have organize a national conference in Kuala Lumpur to discuss for the independence of Malaya. The first election has been request in 1956. 1955 But the decision of the Dato Onn Jaafar followers is on 1955 and the British government is demand on the Alliance party more. In 1954, the British have turn down the Alliance representative in London for the independence of the country. In return, the UMNO and MCA members have resign from the post of government and thats lead to the British to agree the election in 1955. On 27,July 1955, the first general election was held, in Malaya. The party thats involve is Alliance, ( UMNO, MCA, MIC), Islamic Party of Malaya (PAS), National Party ( Parti Negara) , Labour Party ( Parti Buruh ) and Peoples Progressive Party ( Parti Progresif Rakyat). From this election the Alliance party won 51 seats out of 52 seats. 1956 In February 1956,Tunku Abdul Rahman, as a Chief Minister leading the team to London to negotiate for Malayas the independence. The 4 representatives of Datuk Panglima Gantang, Datos Ahamd Kamil, Abdul Aziz Majid and Datos Mohd Seth, representatives of Alliance : Tunku Abdul Rahman, Dr Ismail Abdul Rahman, Datos Abdul Razak Hussien and Colonel H.S Lee and the British representative in Malaya. Is lasted for three week , from 18 January to 8 February 1956, that the Lord Lennox Boyd, Secretary of British Colonial Territories the negotiation have a condition to drawn up the Malayas new Constitution. 1957 On 31, August 1957, have declare that the independence for Malaya and announced the date of independence at Padang Bandar Hilir Malacca after return from London. The set up of Reid Commission thats headed by Lord Reid is to draw up the constitution for the independence of Malaya. The Commission has amended few times from June to October 1956. Out of 131 written ones, is drawing up of the Constitution framework, Malay rulers and the Alliance. The Federal Legislative Council had accepted and approve by the Constitution on 15, August 1957 and effects on 27, August 1957. There is some following based on the 1957 Malayan Constitution for the concept of monarchy and democracy as fundamental principles:- The head is the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and for the respective state is a ruler from each states Son of the soil for the Malays is recognize and the guaranteed the special rights as well The national language is the Malay, where else English is still can be use in the 10years after the independence in the Legislative Council The Malayan citizen is for those who born in Malaya and same goes too, after the Independence For the Federation of Malaya, Islam is the official religion and for the non-Malay is freedom to worship their own. The Selangor Club Green ( Dataran Merdeka) is the symbolized the Malayan Independence day at the first second when the clock reaches after midnight on 31, August 1957. The changes of the Union Jack ( British flag) to the Malaya independence flag Jalur Gemilang was flown on the same day. Tunku Abdul Rahman was appointed to become the first Prime Minister that chosen by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of the Federation of Malaya. 1962 After the Independence for six years Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore joined Malaya and become a new nation of members, Malaysia. The Cobbold Commission is setting up on April, 1962 while Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tan Siew Sin at London. Is to survey for the opinions for Sabah and Sarawak citizen by February to April 1962. From the survey is shown that 70% people in the country are favor in joining Malaysia and so the task of the new constitution is begin. On July 1962, Malaysia to have a Pre-agreement consultation in London, and to resolve the differences between the Cobbold Commission and the Malayan reports. As a result, the agreement has been amended and the acceptance of the Malayas proposal. The primary draft for the Inter-Government Committee is known as Landsdowne Committee, as a new constitution. For Singapore referendum, Lee Kuan Yew is support the merge with Malaya and the population from Singapore , 70% is agreed on the merge. Singapore is retain in the interest in Malaya, to have urge to merge, Tunku Abdul Rahman had made proposal in 1961. United Peoples Party is against the formation of Malaysia because the parties have a different direction of ideology. Brunei is keen on the merge at first, Sultan Ali Saifuddin was preferred to be independence and changed his mind when the Parti Rakyat, Ahmad M. Azahari is a leader of this strong opposition party to revolt the merge of Brunei. For Sabah and Sarawak, the people population aware that will be different in the structure after the merging with Malaya. The citizen is fearful of losing their rights due to Malayan domination and especially the non-Malay so as the concern of the religion and language. The Chinese is having fearful to the Chinese Singaporean due to the competition of economic. 1963 Tunku Abdul Rahman has solved a problem between the Singapore Referendum and United Nations Investigation, that resulting for the local political changes and others interferences. The United Nation mission is to have a certain answer from the Sabah or Sarawak citizen. However, the Philippines and Indonesia was continue to opposed because Sabah is claimed under the Sulu Sulatanate that belongs to Philippines, there are 2/3 people supported it. Meanwhile, Indonesia wanted to merge to Indonesia Raya at the same timing to have Malaya to become North Borneo Federation of Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei. (www.scribd.com) On 8 July, 1963, in London, all the party have agreed and sign the agreement of the Malaysian Agreement from the report of Inter-Government Committee that have become the foundation by all members The Federation of Malaya Parliament had approved to the Malaysia Act of amend Article (1) and (2) 1957, had effect on 16, September 1963 the day that proclaim to Malaysia, Queen of England has decide to let Sarawak, North Borneo and Sabah to combine to become independence with the Malaysian Federation The Rukun Negara is a principle of the supremacy of the Constitution thats comes in third after the principle on God and the country. The citizen can have a security, wealth and special rights to protect in the Constitution as a respect to the countrys regulation under the Malaysian Constitution. The main features of the Malaysian Constitution are as following:- Is a federation Is a constitutional monarchy The country that practices parliamentary democracy The freedom of Islam as an official religion in Malaysia To rule the law and the supremacy of the Constitution The separation of the power in the legislative, the judiciary and the government with freedom to have different function with no conflict The power if the Judiciary is validity and transparency that within the provision of Constitution Sabah and Sarawak has the native tribes (son of the soil) and so as the national language, citizenship and the special rights. Based on Article 153, is base on the Malaysian ethnic background is due to benefit the Bumiputera, for the Islam that is Malay race that born in Malaysia, and is also apply to the Sabah and Sarawak orang asli to have this privileges. (www.statemaster.com) Under the Federal Section, the head of chief is the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is the chosen by the Malays ruler to rotate for five years. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is also as a symbol to the nation. His Majesty is the countrys head and the Parliament as well. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is also the commander of the armed forces and can appoint the task to the Courts judges to carry out the justice on behalf in the conflict laws. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is an official government action and executive in the countrys regulation. All His Majesty acts are also by the advice of the Prime Minister. However, the Malaysian Constitution can be amending thru the Parliament process in the Article 159 and 161E. The use of Malaysian Constitution is based on the multi-racial Malaysian society. The people can give their opinions in the public view and suggestion thru the Constitution. Within the year of 48 years the amended has been done for 42 times according to Shad Saleem Farugi, for this amendment to be done, its need a 2/3rds of the majority agreed is required by the Houses of Parliament. (www.statemaster.com) Is formed by 1 Federal Constitution, Kuala Lumpur, and 13 states Constitution, Terenganu, Sarawak, Sabah, Selangor, Perak, Perlis, Penang, Negeri Sembilan, Kelantan, Kedah, Pahang, Johore and Malacca. The power of the Parliament is giving to make the Federal laws (Acts) and other law such as Islamic laws and DUN and the states laws. The power of the separation to at the federal, state concurrent list as follow: The Federal List is regards to external affair, defense, internal security, civil and criminal law, citizenship, finance, commerce and industry, health, labour, fishery and tourism. State list is Muslim law, land, agriculture and forestry, local government, riverine fishing, library, museums and local government. Concurrent list is scholarship, protection of wildlife, town and country planning, drainage and venery, housing, culture and sport. There are five important elements in the Malaysian Constitution such as the religion, the national language, and the special rights for the Bumiputera, the special rights and the citizenship. This element is important because its the most relevant to the multi-racial society and so as to the constitutional monarchy for the practices of the Parliamentary democracy. The citizenship is the special status for the people in the country to have their rights. This status did provide benefits; rights and other facilities that are include the responsibility as a citizen. The special rights are as following, The citizen will have a right to vote in the election by the age of 21 years old on the qualify date. The citizen have their right to participate themselves to take part in politics in the country thats include the seat for contestant in the election. The citizen can be also joining the political talk at the age of 18 years old. Its means the citizen can also be the prime minister thru the election by the vote from the citizen. All position in the government is filled up only by the citizen of the country itself such as the Legislative, Judiciary and the Executive. The citizen will also entitle or free to have their own land property and will be consider thru the special conditions that related in the property development. For instance, the Bumiputera will get 5% on the property and for the non-Bumiputera is not entitle for the discount. The citizen are entitle to have the benefit and facilities in the country such as welfare benefits, education, public library, medical from the government hospital or Health clinic from every district area and others that provided by the country. The petroleum subsidy had been supported for the citizen as well. The citizen will have the freedom to move around the country such as from the north (Penang) to travel to south (Johor). The citizen will not be exiled by the country. The citizen will also have some responsibility and his role to the country in return to have this protection and the special rights. As following below matter, the citizen will need to, Joining the national service if he is required to by the country. To follows the laws and helps to support the country system. If the country need a contributions for the country regardless to the economy crisis, because the support from the citizen is the progress for the nation of well-being of societys. The citizen needs to participate to support the national programmes and events, for instance the Independence Day The domicile for the citizen is important to have citizenship laws to protect the status and rights for the each of the citizen in the country. The citizenship laws is to different for the citizen and the non-citizens and its to separate by the country from the official regulation. From this laws, its to give the citizen special rights and for the non-citizen is also protected by the laws thats wont violates in the international regulation. In 1948, Malaysia already beginning made the citizenship laws. Meanwhile, when the time the British who rule, there is no law(s) yet for the citizen or the foreigner, the British practices open door policy so that to welcome the foreigner to come freely to the country. In 1948, the Federation of Malaya Agreement has embodied the citizenship laws. The improvements have been done by 1952, it was carried or passes to the Malaya states and to the rulers and for those that becomes citizen of the Federation of Malaya. The status of citizen is given based on the resident period in the Malaya. Based on the Article 14 to Article 15, the Federal Constitution has set up more detail for the citizenship laws after the Independence Day. Loss of citizenship status There are two ways the citizen can lose their citizenship such as he or she can reject the citizenship based on personal reason and if the citizen has abuse or violated the laws, can be in the prohibited period. There is also some of the reason such as: The citizen have become other country citizen, for instance, if the citizen in Austria have become a citizen of the Austria. He or she cannot have more than one citizenships The citizen can have the rights to enjoy other country facilities, such as the rights is only for that country citizen, for instance, he or she can use both passport to go to other country and so as to participate the election as well For the women such as she married to a man from other country, therefore the citizenship will be in concerned If the citizen betrays or acts negatively, thats show that he or she is not loyal to Malaysia. The citizen having business or ties with enemy or hostile country The citizen that have been sentence within 5 year period during the staying in the country, its apply to the jail sentence as well if less than 12month or will fined not less than RM 5000.00 that within the Federation. The citizen that provide of gives service that without permission from the country The Malaysian citizen that lives in other foreigner country more than five years, can be exceptional if on with the service on behalf of Malaysian Government. The false influence of the citizenship The citizenship status for a foreigner women through marriage, if she divorce by the husband can be excepted for such cases of divorce if the husband is passed away From all the above statement is clearly show that the citizenship is special status, because the application or the inherited can be withdrawn due to certain offences. Therefore, every of the citizen should be appreciate the citizenship and responsible to ourselves as a citizen and so to the country. The fundamental liberties is define as the some certain fundamental individual rights or human civilization, thats apply to the lowest level as well to have the right for some condition and so as to the democratic way for the societys References: www.sejarahmalaysia.pnm.my www.scribd.com www.statemaster.com

International Relations Theory Essay

The study of the international relations has traditionally focused on the study of the causes of war and conflict between the states and the condition of peace. However, in the 21st century we are more concerned with the question of how the global relations can be identified, and with who lays the power of world politics. The global politics and international relations concepts have been developed over centuries. The key theories have established the commonly accepted methods of explaining the relationships between the states, and the way in which nations conduct their businesses. We can distinguish between many strands of thought, each extensive and often mutable. Thus, it is hard to define which are the most equitable and had most leverage in the international relations or global politics. However, we can certainly highlight few, which are seen as the most important or even crucial. One of them is Marxism, developed by Karl Marx in the 19th century. Marxism sought to purport the varied terrains in a new and unprecedented way. Some of the key aphorisms include the materialism, class system theory, the dialectical approach to history and of course a critique to liberalism and capitalism. Alas, the Marxism theory was precluded in the 1990s, after the oppression of people, economic instability, poverty and unhappiness under the communistic rule became evident. However, in the latter years of extreme economic and social crisis, many scholars once again engaged in the critical insight of capitalism, just as Marx did centuries ago. Marxism is the only theory available, which seeks to completely undermine capitalism, and expose its fundamental flaws which capitalists try to avoid or divert, but cannot overcome. However, it is not only limited to the economics. It presents extensive explanation of social and political relations and ways in which societies can determine it. It offers a new concept of freedom, far more expansive and empowering than the traditional liberal understanding. In this essay I will critically assess the extent to which Marxism has contributed to an understanding of the global politics. The global politics otensibly consists of many strands of scholar thought , analysis and theories . The acuurate and cognizant way of explaining or arranging the different approaches would be to put them in two categories; mainstreem and the rest. The parenial mainstreem theories of international relations are realism, liberalism, neo-realism and neo-liberalism. Other vail approaches share much with mainstreetm but have been seen rather as develpoments or critiques or of it, often providing a very distinct analysys . One of such is Marxism. Karl Marx developed new depiction with some linkages to the previous theories. He offers a distinct approach and analysis of political, social and economic life. Marx’s aim was to expose the hidden truth about the world of politics, and to higlight to people that history, politics and our social life is not something that only happens to us (independently from our actions), but rather something wich happens with our presence and input, and therefore can also be transformed by us. We can choose weather or not we want to live in a political-social system which we inherited, or to alter it if we are dissatissfied with it. In this sense politics appears as a struggle over processess of social-self production. The ability to steer various processess in one direction or another, thus shape the world in whcih we live in, produce a social change. Marxs expalins this as a dialectical or process orientated approach to understanding our history and politics. The historical tensions and cirumstances opneded up various possibilities for actors (agents embodied in institutions), to produce a change. As humans we have a freedom or in other words a collective ability to shape ourselfs and our world. This concept of freedom is broader and more empowering , than in the traditional liberal thinging (freedom of choice, our wants and needs in the market). Another important aphorism of Karl Marx was historical materialism. According to Marx all life is constantly evolving . The evolution results from the clash of two opposing forces. The same must happen with peolpe. For centuries humanity experienced struggles and clashes mainly between 2 groups of people. In the acient world it was the slaves and the lords, in the middle the peasants (surfs)and the lad owners, and in capitalism the capitalists (burgouise) and the working class (proletariat). Each historic era is different , has its own dynamic an dlogic, based on a dominant mode of production: primitive, feudalism and finally capitalism. For Marx each stage had its beginbing, middle but also an end. Marx also belived that history is shaped by the material basis of society. He recognised base and superstructure division of society. He included education, politics, religion, culture, media to the superstructure. Underneeth the superstructure there lies base consisted of relations of production (burguoise), and means of production everything which is owned by burguise needed for procution such as technology for instance). The base in Marx view , creates a particular type of political authority which is mostly concerned with protecting and promoting the interests of the dominant class. The base can change the history and the society. The key implication here is that the people who conctrol the material base (the means and forces of production), ulitmately control the society, politics and the world we live in. He recognised tha states as the puppet of a dominant class. Marx also offered an extensive and profound crtique to caqpitalism, imperialism and globaloization. He did not undermined it. It is fair to say that Marx understood capitalims as the most productive theorey that every existed but nevertheless, he recognised that it was living on a borrowed time. For Marx the capitalism had fundamental flaws as it was exploitative and oppressive system. He examined the features of capitalism, praised it for the competetive nature whihc would recsult and many spohisticated advancemnts, presented its flaws and atributes. Karl Marx acknowledge that constant urge for profit wouldstimulate the innovation process in various fields such as technology, media, medicine. Nevertheless, the necessity to generate higher and higher profit is the main downfall of the globalization and capitalism concept. As a result capitalism will move from crisis to criris, and the society will become increasingly unequal. Marx specified that capitalists will attempt to reslove one crisis, but as one problem would be resolved, another would be created in its place. We can clearly see how this process works taking for instance the sub-prime lending case. As people did not have enough money , the demand failed. The profits of various cooperations also failed (as demand stimalates the supply and the prices). The banks offered creditd cards and loans. In turn people bought more goods, and contributed to the economy. Everyone was happy in the process, the baks, the producers and of course the working class who would now finally buy the goods and services they wanted. One problem was solved. However, after a while people did not meet their repayments. The banks had to confiscate their houses, cars, and other possesions as a result. Now banks were left with empty houses, and a huge deficit of money. The enterpreneours who invested and supplied banks with the money lost a vast ammount of money, many bankrupted. The taxes rates for the lower and the middle were risen, and the wages cut so the capitalists could once again make profit. Alas, less wages and bigger taxes meant less dissposable income to pay for the new good and services. The capitalists once again have to battle low profits, and find new ways to stay in business, The whole process reapeats itself, and no concrete and reliable solution is found. Marx also crtiticises the globalization process. The global capitalism means alliances of globalised capitalists, in order to do the business together and gain more control. This aspect of globalization within the context of capitalism will also prove fatal, as the interconcetivity between various world economies could potentiall bring doom to all if one falls ( we can see it happening with the hyousing bubble burst in the USA, resulting from the sub-prime lending . This crisis not only affected the USA economy, but spreaded to the rest of the world resulting in the global economical crises and recession). Marxs posited that economic relations between people was core to absolutely everything. The human needs for housing, security, food, drive human interactions. Furthermore he stasted that private property divided the world. The human persistency to barter and to create profit was a recepie for distater. Capitalism develpse productive powers of human societies, but it does in rather undemocratic manner, through exploating and subduing the working class. As a result it distors the real historiacal possibilities for social self-determination. Socially empowered people under the capitalistic system, are prevented from realising their full productive powers and enjoying their fuller forms of freedom. Under tha capitalism ideaology supports the historiucally specific forms of social activity and organization, which appears to be necessarry and natural universal conditions. It takes on the apperance of unchangable, and hard-wired withing the society. This is of course mistification. Within the context of capitalism , we are isolated individuals, therefore we confornt our social envirometn not as collective product. We views it in terms of constraint on our individual chocies. This way of understanding social relations as parennial, universal and natural prevents us from looking for possibilities of transformation, or imagining the alternative possible worlds. Marxism inspired future analysis in the international relations arena . One of the most significant was the crtitical theory. The critical theory was develpoed in 1930s by the frankfurt school of thoutgt. The term frnakfurt school refers to theorists originally assosiated with the Institute for Social Research at Frankfurt University . The early frnakfurt shcool tehorist Horkheimer and Adorno, began too lose faith in the revolutionary potential of the proletaria. The also saw how in the west Marxism was marxism was being transformed into a doctrisn of economic determinism. In the face of these developments, they wanted to retain a critical modern critical and potentially progressive role for social theory, but were wary of the orthodox Marxisms’ preocupation with production and the coresponding emphasis on the historical role of the proletariat† The core concepts of the Crtical theory are that critical social theory should be directed at the totality of society in its historical specificity , and also that critical theory should improve understanding of society by integrating all the major social sciences, including geography, economics, sociology, history, political science, anthropology, and psychology. Critical theoriests developed a key concept that the objectively valid forms of knowledge could not be established independently of the social context and social norms. The theories which claimthat they provide objective truth are profoundly misleading. In their view idealogy (or theories assosiated with it), are just a belief that oue perspective is the truth. The way in which things appera from the economic standpoint of our consciousness. They asked a question: can idealogy be proven, is it just a mode of belief. After all idealogy is without conciousness. Is it fair to say that things actually are the way they appear to me? The frankfurt scholars went on explaining that in each historic period the dominant class sets the idealogy. In the late capitalism it is ultimately a burgouise idealogy. So the ideas whic are the base of every aspect of our society , (for instance our current work ethic or current standards of moral behaviour) do not have to be universal, just and correct. The frankfurt scholars have undermined the positivist forms of scienfitic knowledge. They claim that positivism and instrumental reason discourse denys the alternative values and future possible worlds. Gramsci went a bit further and develpoed a theory of hegemony as a form of political power whcih relied upon the consent than coercion. â€Å" In a hegemonic social situation, dominant groups (classes, class fractions and their verious alliers) articulate a social vision which claims to serve the intersts of all, and they use selective incentives to recruit junior partners into their coalition and to didivde the disable oposition† He belived that in modern and advances capitalistsic societies, hegemonic power might be promoted via media, education, art, literature as well as political parties. Under these conditions various groups might be led to consent to the powerof dominant groups. This action would make the use of obviously opressive and coercive power unnecessary.. He also argued that hegemony should be continously chalenged by the civil society. In this way he hoped that capitaslist culture would be challenged by a counter-hegemonic political culture. In short, he speculated that peolpe might start to think of their economic lives as having a significant political importance . Gramsci hoped that they might finally question the universal capitalism’s structured separation of the ploitical fromt he economic aspects of life. Another important approach to global politics, which derives from Marxism is the World systems theory , which was fathered by Immanueakl Wallestein in the 1970s. He traced the rise of the world system to the 16th century Western Europe, whihc then spraded to the rest of the world. The E3urope feudal economy suffered crisi and was transformed into capitalism. The west quikly utilisised their advantages and gained control and power, over the most of the world economy (using colonialism, slavery, imperialism and globalisation together with the unfair trade). This actions resulted in an unequal develpoment, which instead of diminishing grows even further. Wallestein also supported Marx’s previous view that the suposely tree distnict areas of politics, socio9logya nd economics are in fact combined. In his writing Wollestein provided a structural explenation of the global inequallity between states. He viewd it as a pyramis. At the top of the pyramid lye the core states. Whuhc dominate the system. They all are in favour of capitalistic global economy for their own elevation. Examples in todays world inlude USA, Japan or Western Europe. Beneeth the core states lys the semi-periphery states, which are seeking to elevate themselfs to claim their place among the core . Examples include the BRIC countries: Brasil. Rusia, India or China. At the very bottom of the pyramid lies the peripher, the weakest of the states (third wolrd countires ). They are usually rulled by the puppet goverments , subservient to the global capitalists. Ruled by the core states. They will never be given the standars of life they deserve through their inustry. They usually provide most of the natural resources and products which are greedly devour by the core, only to recive poor technoplogy and ocasional aid in return. People in the third world countries (peripherians) are the main victims of this opression, as they benefit less from the spohisticated technology and innovation that capitalism (through drive for profit) brings about. This generates a fundamental innequality between the nations. Conclusion The forms of Marxian critical theory (further develpoed by the Frankfurt school and by Gramsci), lead us to a conlusion that the claims of scientific objectivity assosiated with positivistiv theories of International relations are in fact profoundly misleading . This approach differs a lot from the mainstreem realistic and liberalistsi approaches of the international relations. More recently there has been a sort of renaissance of Marxian international theory. It began during the 1990s and gained its momentum with the US war on terror after the 9/11/. The American war on terror is seen by many as the twnety-first-centuray imperialism . Many scholars return to Marxism wirtings and its later developments, to find it very accurate in the sphere of the global politics today. Undoubtedly, Marxism contributed in large means to our understanding of the global politics. It is the only reliable source of the critique of the capitalistis system we currently live in. Furthermore it explains and provides an analis of it. It stresses the interdependence of social-political- and economical aspects of life , not only within the domestic arena but also on the global scale. Marxisms highlights the global innequalities that the capitalism creates, demonstrates and unmasks the constant exploitation and mannipulation of the working class. It stresses the importance of all idvividuals, and their ability to transform and alter the world around us which includes our political system, current moral and ethical forms of behaviour, the ecoonomic system and every other aspect of our live. Marx and the later scholars influenced by his writing, do not propose a new clear system to replace capitalism. The presumptions are left to us . Within the concept of marism the idealogy can always be altered, it shall not be seen as something parenially just and fair. It is also seen as the tool of the higher class, who usess it to explain the world to the lower class and further to control it. Therefore Marx saw idealogy only a way of explainign and understanding the world rather than verity. This approach had big significance in the global politics theory. It inspired new starnds of thought in international relations and of course met with a fierce critique of positivistic scholars and thinkers.