Digital marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Digital marketing - Essay Example The paper "Digital marketing" study illustrates the use of digital marketing in the â€Å"adidas Group† strategy for gaining competitive market position. Companies increasingly invent new business models–or strategies–for selling as the markets globalize, competition intensifies, and both consumers and investors become more demanding. The new business challenges of the Internet era largely stems from the globalization. Digital methods such as the real time marketing tools have become an essential part of the global business giants today. Researchers have reported three distinct waves in the direct and interactive marketing during the past 30 years namely; mainstreaming, database marketing and the Internet stage. The new horizon in the Internet stage brings fascinating opportunities for the marketers, enabling them to actually realize the goals of one-to one marketing while also encouraging them to learn, deploy, and adopt information technologies strategically. I n other words online technology and marketing have joined during the above third wave. Any business that chooses to ignore these new changes will most likely die out from the market eventually because the intensifying global competition has made it almost impossible to do any effective marketing without in some way using the technology of the Internet (Wiedemann, 2001). For example, the â€Å"adidas Group† stated its brands needed to make more relevant to the online audiences in order to propel demand. Hence the company is now engaged.

PEEST factors that have impacted on your selected product line Essay

PEEST factors that have impacted on your selected product line recently - Essay Example Because of the increasingly competitive environment in the smart-phone market, Samsung has been aggressive in ensuring that the phone’s related intellectual properties are protected from suing competitors like Apple (Naidu-Ghelani, 2014: p1). The Samsung S5 faces political pressures in the West African market due to the Ebola virus and terrorism, especially as it opened Samsung Electronics West Africa just this year to increase market share in the lucrative market. In the immediate future, sales of the Samsung Galaxy S5 will also be influenced by the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership between the US and EU, whose new tax policies and tariffs could impact significantly on price and sales (Mundy & Thomas, 2014: p1). The economic dimension is particularly critical for the Galaxy S5 because increased market liberalization in China, as well as increasing incomes and GDP growth in African countries is opening up new markets for the company (Jung-a, 2014: p1). However, the slow economic recovery in the EU is expected to continue into the foreseeable future, denting purchasing power for European consumers. The EU and other developed and developing countries in the EU have also recorded minimal decline in unemployment rates, which means that their purchasing power will remain low for the near future. However, unemployment levels in the Caribbean, Latin America, and South East Asia have fallen significantly, opening up new avenues of expansion (Thompson, 2014: p1). The rise of the ethical consumer internationally who wants products that are sourced and manufactured in a responsible and sustainable manner will be an important factor for the Galaxy S5, which they need to be aware of in order to satisfy the ethical consumer (Giles, 2014: p1). As a result, Samsung has to ensure that its marketing strategy includes steps taken in making their operations responsible and sustainable. Increased pressure from eco-friendly groups like Green Peace will also

Sociology Of The Familys Sociology Essay

Sociology Of The Familys Sociology Essay The family has been assumed by many sociologists as a basic unit of socialisation, which plays key function, such as socialising children. The functionalist view the family as a positive institution that has positive function, while feminists sees the family as negative and reproduces patriarchy. Marxism believes the family reproduce labour force while interactionists view families as different and unique. Functionalists focus on nuclear family and see the latter as the basic building block of family socialisation. They believe that the family is a positive and beneficial institution in which family members receive nurturing and care. They look at the family on a macro scale. Functionalist believe that society is based on consensus, this means we are all socialised to agree on how to behave known as norms, and what is right and wrong known as values. For example when there is no crime, society benefits by maintaining social order .They believe that each part of society has a function to make sure that society runs smoothly and everything stays in harmony, for example, the familys function is to socialise children and, education has a function to make sure that people are educated to be good at the job they will get after school. (Taylor and Richardson et al, 2002) Murdock (1949) studied 250 different societies and concluded that the family is so functional to society, that it is unavoidable and universal that neither the individual nor society could survive without it. He argued that every nuclear family has these four essential functions without which society could not continue: sexual, reproductive, economic and education. Without sexual and reproductive, no member of society would be there. Life would stop if there was no economic function that is family providing for its members, and without education, socialisation would not be there hence absence of culture. Murdock has been criticised for not considering whether the functions of the family could be performed by other social institutions and he does not examine alternatives to the family. (Taylor and Richardson et al, 2002) Parsons (1955) studied the modern American family in the 50s. He argued that there are two basic and irreducible functions of the family. The first is the primary socialisation of children, which Parsons sees as a responsibility of the family to shape the childs personality to suite to the needs of society. The second function is the stabilisation of adult personalities. The adults gets emotional support from family necessary to cope with the stresses of everyday life. Parsons, as with Murdock, has been criticised for showing the picture of the family as attuned children and compassionate spouses caring for each others needs. (Taylor and Richardson et al, 2002). There is a natural division of labour within the nuclear family, roles are segregated positively and everyone carry out different roles, for example the instrumental male, whose role is to provide for the family and thus the bread winner, and expressive female whose role is to provide warmth, love and care for children at home. Based on Biology the woman is the child bearer therefore has to look after the child. This role maintains social stability. Family patterns have changed with time such as cohabitation, rise of reconstituted families and increase in single or lone parent in western family life. Which has even made divorce easier to obtain. Functionalist theory has been criticised to have concentrated on the family being positive and gives little attention to its weaknesses, while in feminism the nuclear family is oppressive to women due to gender distinctions in domestic duties. Functionalists argue that the family is of equal profit to everyone, however marxists argue that society was developed by the need of the capitalist economy. It is the bourgeoisie who benefits not the whole society. Functionalists focus too much on the significance that the family has in society and disregard the sense family life has for individual. (Haralambos and Holborn, 2008) Radical psychiatric argue against functionalism for ignoring the negative aspect of the family like domestic violence. Functionalists also ignore different types of families by focussing mainly on nuclear family. Interactionist David Clark (1991) identified four types of marriage arguing against functionalist, saying not all families are the same. Functionalists depict everything as positive in the family while radical psychiatric looks at the negative side of the family. Feminism is a conflict theory that sees the family as patriarchal. They believe that men gain more in a family than women. They view the family on a macro scale. Feminists shows how men dominate social relationships, thus symmetrical conjugal roles is seen as an allegory. Feminists argue that men oppress women through domestic violence, the economic involvement to society made by womens domestic labour within the family. Liberal feminist Wollstonecraft (1792) wanted equality for women in terms of rights, liberties and vote by the change of law and policy. A radical feminist like Millett (1970) argues that the organisation of society enables men to dominate women. They believed that gender distinctions are politically and socially constructed therefore wanted radical reforms and social change. Kate Millet invented the term The personal is political meaning everything in society is political. Radical feminists think not just patriarchal men that benefit from family but all men. (Haralambos and Holborn, 2008) Marxists feminist believe that the destruction of the capitalist society brings equality to everything. Lesbian feminists believe society forces women into heterosexuality so that men can oppress them. They challenge heterosexuality as a means of male supremacy. Humanist feminists argue that society only allows men to self-develop not women, and that society distorts womens human potential. Marxist feminist Bentson (1972) argues that family responsibilities make male workers less likely to withdraw from labour, with wife and children to support. Ansley (1972) sees the emotional support in family, stabilises male workers thus making them less likely to take their frustration out on the system. Feeley (1972) sees the family as a dictatorial unit dominated by the husband. The family values teach obedience, children learn to accept hierarchy and their position in it. Greer (2000) is a radical feminist who believes that family life continues to disadvantage and oppress women. She points out Britain has very high divorce rate thus less stability in families. (Haralambos and Holborn, 2008) Marxist feminist, like functionalist tend to ignore the diversity of modern family life, assuming everyone lives in heterosexual nuclear family. They paint a very negative picture of family life possibly exaggerated. Functionalists see male and female roles being different but equal, Marxist feminists believe that men dominate family relationships. Feminist theory discards functionalist view, that society as a whole is benefited by socialisation in the family but rather men benefits more. Women are portrayed as passive victims of exploitation. It does not take into account women who abuse men by fighting back. Functionalists believe that norms and values benefits society while for feminist they benefit men more. Feminists focus on nuclear family only and the negative aspect of it. Marxism view family on a macro scale. The Marxist perspective is a conflict theory, which sees socialisation process of the family, results in the spread of a ruling class philosophy. Whereby individuals are misled into accepting the capitalist system and the hegemony of the capitalist class thus hegemony.Bourgoisie benefits by creating a labour force and proletariat continue to be exploited. Engel (1972) argued that bourgeois nuclear family is an institution which oppresses women. They were seen mainly as children bearers, economically dependent to their husbands and remain faithful to them. According to Engels the family is designed to control women and protect property, thus men needed to know their children in order to pass on their property. (Taylor and Richardson et al, 2002) Marxists say the family serves capitalism in four ways. The family acts as a safety valve for the stress and frustration of working class men, the family plays as a unit of consumption, purchases the goods and services provided by capitalism. Women domestic work is unpaid which benefits capitalism and lastly the family socialises children thereby reproducing both labour power and acceptance of capitalism false consciousness. Zaretsky (1976) analysed that the family is one place where male workers can feel they have power and control. This helps them accept their oppression in wider society. Furthermore Zaretsky sees the family as a main prop to the capitalist economy. Marxists view of divorce in families is seen by increased economic pressure from unemployment, this may place added strain. Family members living longer could increase pressure on relationships. (Taylor and Richardson et al, 2002) Marxists decline the functionalist view that society is based on value consensus, and thus benefits all. Instead they see the welfare of powerful groups influencing the way society is controlled. Marxists view ignores family diversity. It sees the nuclear family as being simply determined by the economy. This theory reproduces conflict between classes, bourgeoisie and proletariat, while a functionalist family operates as united, everything benefits society. Capitalist system is dominated both economically by rich at the expense of the poor, but seen as a fair system by functionalists that works together in the interest of all members causing limited conflict in society. Anthropologists have suggested that the emergence of the nuclear family did not actually coincide with emergence of capitalism. Somerville (2000) argues that Zaretsky exaggerates the importance of the family as a protection from life in capitalist society. Contrary to functionalist marxists focus on the negative aspec t of the family and ignores the positive function. (Taylor and Richardson et al, 2002) Interactionism also known as interpretive humans are seen as symbolic creatures, meaning we define what is around us through signs and language. They study families on a micro scale instead of generalising the whole population. They also look at what family life is actually like, rather than how it should be or how it is assumed to be.Interactionists view families as different and unique thus there is no one way of family life, like other perspectives would suggest. The way a family behaves and interacts is based on interpretation of meanings and roles. We are products of our culture what we take as common sense or reality varies according to the culture we live in. (Taylor and Richardson et al, 2002) Goffman (1969) compares life to drama, we are actors who take on roles and act them out as public performances. Each role has its own script which tells us how to act and what cues to expect from other members involved in our interaction. Bauman (1990) argues that roles and relationships learnt in the family are essential to shaping our future. Not all families are close and warm family metaphors are often used to represent closeness, for example using the term brother and sister amongst members of political organisations. (Haralambos and Holborn, 2008) Berger and Kellner (1964) looked at socially constructed roles in a marriage, argues that the reality of marriage is an ongoing construction which needs to be reaffirmed, negotiated and renegotiated. Clark (1991) conducted a study of how couples constructed a meaningful marriage. He identified four types of marriage. Drifting marriages, where meanings and ideas of the future are unclear, surfacing marriages often made up of people who have been married before, establishing marriages which newly wed couple plan for long term future, and lastly struggling marriages, with financial problems often from unemployment, which causes tension and anxiety. The conjugal roles in interactionism show that the roles of husband and wife are constantly evolving. For example both husband and wife working and sharing domestic tasks. (Haralambos and Holborn, 2008) Interactionist view families on a micro scale, discovering how individuals make family life based on interactions with each other. They are not interested in generalisations about family life but seek to understand how families are unique. They go further than the common sense view of families that functionalism believes in and look at the meanings of what family life is actually like. Unlike functionalism, Marxism and feminism, where there is a set function of the family, interactionism is different for there is no one set function of the family. Families can differ based on their interactions, meanings, roles and culture. The discovery of four different types of marriage offers an opposing argument to functionalism, not an ideal nuclear family. (Haralambos and Holborn, 2008) It has been criticised while concentrating on meanings, motives and action it ignores the wider structures in which families operate and are shaped. Sometimes generalisations of families are useful as they allow the development of political social policy. Interpretive approaches try to comprehend the family from the perspective of its members. This research has shown from different sociologist and approaches that the family life has evolved as modernity is progressing. The changes involved have made the family better suited to meeting the needs of society, and of family members. Theoretical approaches to the family, such as difference feminism and postmodernism, have emphasized the variety of family types and living arrangements that exist in contemporary society.

Impact of Telephone on Society Essay -- Essays Papers

Impact of Telephone on Society Many inventions revolutionized society and one example is the telephone, which was introduced to society in 1876. The inventor, Alexander Graham Bell developed this idea and the telephone made him famous because communication would never be the same after the development of the telephone. The telephone made an incredible impact on society. The impact could be seen through the quickness of communication, business, easier communication in wars, and some negative effects too. Although the telephone became a necessity of daily life, it was at first neglected by the public. People thought the telephone was a fake and a mere toy. Although the telephone was a powerful innovation, nobody took it seriously. Perhaps these people were ignorant because they did not realize the capabilities of the telephone. The reason for this skepticism was the revolutionary idea of communicating through a telephone, "So devastatingly new, so revolutionary, was this innovation of Bell's that a self-satisfied world wasted a good deal of time ridiculing the telephone and its inventor."1 This idea lasted for a few years, but then the public's view began to change. People started to see the significance of the telephone and what it can accomplish. Now with the help of the telephone, individuals communicated in a much quicker fashion. Once this became evident, it greatly enhanced the use of the telephone. After further development of the telephone, society recognized its ability to allow one to contact another person at any time any place with confidence that the call would be completed. The less time it took to communicate was a big draw for society because messages could be sent instantly. This invention allowed for such... ... Bibliography Baldner, Joshua G. "The Telephone and Expansion." n.pag. Online. Available: http://www.beloit.edu/~amerdem/students/baldner.html, Feb. 24, 1999. Brooks, John. Telephone: The First Hundred Years. New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1975. Eby, Chuck. "Western Electric #20B Desk Phone." n.pag. Online. Available: http://www.cyber-comm.net/~chuck/we20b.html, Mar. 31, 1999. - - - . "Western Electric #202 Desk Phone." n.pag. Online: Available: http://www.cyber-comm.net/~chuck/we202.html, Mar. 31, 1999. Farley, Tom. "Telephone History Part 3-1921 to 1984." n.pag. Online. Available: http://privateline.com/TelephoneHistory3/History3.html, Feb. 24, 1999. Pound, Arthur. The Telephone Idea. New York: Greenberg, Publisher, 1926. "Welcome to the World of Ocean West." n.pag. Online. Available: http://ocean-west.com/contactus.html, Mar. 31, 1999.

Human Sexual Behavior and Sexual Abuse Incest

INCEST Incest  is  sexual intercourse  between family members and close  relatives. [1][2]  The term may apply to sexual activities between individuals of close†blood relationship†, members of the same  household,  step relatives  related by  adoption  or  marriage, or members of the same  clan  or  lineage. [3]  Theincest taboo  is and has been one of the most common of all cultural  taboos, both in current nations and many past societies. [4]  Most modern societies have  laws regarding incest  or social restrictions on closely consanguineous marriages. 5]  In countries where it is illegal, consensual adult incest is seen by some as a  victimless crime. [6][7] In some societies, such as those of  Ancient Egypt  and others, brother–sister, father–daughter, and mother–son, cousin-cousin, aunt-nephew, uncle-niece, and other permutations of relations were practiced among  royalty  as a means of perpetua ting the royal lineage. [8][9]  In addition, theBalinese[10]  and some  Inuit  tribes[11]  have altogether different beliefs about what constitutes illegal and immoral incest. However, parent-child and sibling-sibling unions are almost universally forbidden. 12] Children born of close incestous unions have greatly increased risk of congenital disorders, death and disability at least in part due to genetic diseases caused by the  inbreeding. [13] ————————————————- Terminology The English word  incest  is derived from the Latin  incestus, which has a general meaning of â€Å"impure, unchaste†. It was introduced into  Middle English, both in the generic Latin sense (preserved throughout the Middle English period[14]) and in the narrow modern sense.The derived adjective  incestuous  appears in the 16th century. [15]  Prior to the introduction o f the Latin term, incest was known in  Old English  as  sibbleger  (from  sibb  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœkinship' +  leger  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœto lie') or  m? gh? med  (from  m? g  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœkin, parent' +  h? med  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœsexual intercourse') but in time, both words fell out of use. ————————————————- History Table of prohibited marriages from  The Trial of Bastardie  byWilliam Clerke. London, 1594 ————————————————- Prevalence and statisticsIncest between an  adult  and a person under the  age of consent  is considered a form of  child sexual abuse[36][37]  that has been shown to be one of the most extreme forms of childhood abuse, often resulting in serious and long-term  psychological trauma, especially in the case of parental incest. [38]  Preval ence is difficult to generalize, but research has estimated 10–15% of the general population as having at least one such sexual contact, with less than 2% involving intercourse or attempted intercourse. 39]  Among women, research has yielded estimates as high as 20%. [38] Father-daughter  incest was for many years the most commonly reported and studied form of incest. [40][41]  More recently, studies have suggested that sibling incest, particularly older brothers having sexual relations with younger siblings, is the most common form of incest,[42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]  with some studies finding sibling incest occurring more frequently than other forms of incest. 51]  Some studies suggest that adolescent perpetrators of sibling abuse choose younger victims, abuse victims over a lengthier period, use violence more frequently and severely than adult perpetrators, and that sibling abuse has a higher rate of penetrative acts than father or stepfather incest, w ith father and older brother incest resulting in greater reported distress than stepfather incest. [52][53][54] ————————————————- Types Between adults and childrenMain article:  Child sexual abuse Incest between an adult and a child is usually considered a form of child sexual abuse[55]  and for many years has been the most reported form of incest. Father–daughter and stepfather–stepdaughter incest is the most commonly reported form of adult-child incest, with most of the remaining involving a mother or stepmother. [56]  Father–son incest is reported less often, but it is not known how close the frequency is to heterosexual incest because it is likely more under-reported. 57][58]  Prevalence of incest between parents and their children is difficult to assess due to secrecy and privacy; some estimate that 20 million Americans were, as children, subjected to incest. [56][clarification needed  (needs a better source)] In a 1999 news story,  BBC  reported, â€Å"Close-knit family life in  India  masks an alarming amount of sexual abuse of children and teenage girls by family members, a new report suggests. Delhi organisation  RAHI  said 76% of respondents to its survey had been abused when they were children – 40% of those by a family member. [59] According to the National Center for Victims of Crime a large proportion of  rape  committed in the United States is perpetrated by a family member: Research indicates that 46% of children who are raped are victims of family members (Langan and Harlow, 1994). The majority of American rape victims (61%) are raped before the age of 18; furthermore, 29% of all rapes occurred when the victim was less than 11 years old. 11% of rape victims are raped by their fathers or step-fathers, and another 16% are raped by other relatives. 60] A study of victims of fatherâ €“daughter incest in the 1970s showed that there were â€Å"common features† within families before the occurrence of incest: estrangement between the mother and the daughter, extreme paternal dominance, and reassignment of some of the mother's traditional major family responsibility to the daughter. Oldest and only daughters were more likely to be the victims of incest. It was also stated that the incest experience was psychologically harmful to the woman in later life, frequently leading to feelings of low self-esteem, unhealthy sexual activity, contempt for other women, and other emotional problems. 61][clarification needed  (needs a better source)] Adults who as children were incestuously victimized by adults often suffer from low  self-esteem, difficulties in interpersonal relationships, and  sexual dysfunction, and are at an extremely high risk of many mental disorders, including  depression,  anxiety,  phobic avoidance reactions,  somatoform disorder,   substance abuse,  borderline personality disorder, and  complex post-traumatic stress disorder. 38][62][63]  Research by Leslie Margolin indicates that mother-son incest does not trigger some innate biological response, but that the effects are more directly related to the symbolic meanings attributed to this act by the participants. [64] The  Goler clan  is a specific instance in which child sexual abuse in the form of forced adult/child and sibling/sibling incest took place over at least three generations. [65]  A number of Goler children were victims of sexual abuse at the hands of fathers, mothers, uncles, aunts, sisters, brothers, cousins, and each other.During interrogation by police, several of the adults openly admitted to engaging in many forms of sexual activity, up to and including full intercourse, multiple times with the children. Sixteen adults (both men and women) were charged with hundreds of allegations of incest and sexual abuse of children as young as five. [65] In Japan there is a popular misconception that mother-son incestuous contact in common, due to the manner in which it is depicted in the press and popular media.According to Hideo Tokuoka, â€Å"When Americans think of incest, they think of fathers and daughters; in Japan one thinks of mothers and sons† due to the extensive media coverage of mother-son incest there. [66]  Some western researchers even assumed this was established fact. However, research into victimization statistics from police and health care systems discredits this, as it shows the vast majority of sexual abuse, including incest, is perpetrated by men against young girls. 67]  The Mainichi Daily News  column  WaiWai, by Australian journalist Ryann Connell, featured often-sensationalist stories, principally translated from and based on articles appearing in Japanese tabloids. [68]  On June 28, 2008, Mainichi announced punitive measures. [69][70][71]  Mainichi said, â€Å"We contin ued to post articles that contained incorrect information and indecent sexual content. These articles, many of which were not checked and properly investigated should not have been dispatched.We apologize deeply for causing many people trouble and for betraying the public's trust in the Mainichi Shimbun. †Ã‚  [72] Between childhood siblings Childhood sibling–sibling incest is considered to be widespread but rarely reported. [56]  It is believed to be the most common form of intrafamilial abuse. [73] Sibling-sibling incest becomes  child-on-child sexual abuse  when it occurs without consent, without equality, or as a result of  coercion. The most commonly reported form of abusive sibling incest is abuse of a younger sibling by an older sibling. 56]  A 2006 study showed a large portion of adults who experienced sibling incest abuse have distorted or disturbed beliefs (such as that the act was â€Å"normal†) both about their own experience and the subject of sexual abuse in general. [74] Sibling abusive incest is most prevalent in families where one or both parents are often absent or emotionally unavailable, with the abusive siblings using incest as a way to assert their power over a weaker sibling. [75]  Absence of the father in particular has been found to be a significant element of most cases of sexual abuse of female children by a brother. 76]  The damaging effects on both childhood development and adult symptoms resulting from brother–sister sexual abuse are similar to the effects of father–daughter, including substance abuse, depression, suicidality, and eating disorders. [76][77] Between consenting adults Sexual activity between adult close relatives may arise from  genetic sexual attraction. [78]  This form of incest has not been widely reported in the past, but recent evidence has indicated that this behavior does take place, possibly more often than many people realize. 78]  Internet  chatrooms  and topical websites exist that provide support for incestuous couples. [78] Proponents of incest between consenting adults draw clear boundaries between the behavior of consenting adults and rape, child molestation, and abusive incest. [78]  According to one incest participant who was interviewed for an article in  The Guardian: â€Å"You can't help who you fall in love with, it just happens. I fell in love with my sister and I'm not ashamed †¦ I only feel sorry for my mom and dad, I wish they could be happy for us. We love each other.It's nothing like some old man who tries to fuck his three-year-old, that's evil and disgusting †¦ Of course we're consenting, that's the most important thing. We're not fucking perverts. What we have is the most beautiful thing in the world. â€Å"[78] In  Slate Magazine,  William Saletan  drew a legal connection between gay sex and incest between consenting adults. [79]  As he described in his article, in 2003, U. S. Senato r  Rick Santorumcommented on a pending U. S. Supreme Court case involving sodomy laws (primarily as a matter of  Constitutional rights to Privacy and Equal Protection under the Law).He stated: â€Å"If the Supreme Court says that you have the right to consensual sex within your home, then you have the right to bigamy, you have the right to polygamy, you have the right to incest, you have the right to adultery. â€Å"[79]  However, David Smith of the  Human Rights Campaign  professed outrage that Santorum placed being gay on the same moral and legal level as someone engaging in incest. Saletan argued that, legally and morally, there is essentially no difference between the two, and went on to support incest between consenting adults being covered by a legal right to privacy. 79]UCLA  law professor  Eugene Volokh  has made similar arguments. [80]  In a more recent article, Saletan said that incest is wrong because it introduces the possibility of irreparably damagi ng family units by introducing â€Å"a notoriously incendiary dynamic—sexual tension—into the mix†. [81] Aunts, uncles, nieces or nephews In Florida, consensual adult sexual intercourse with someone you know to be your aunt, uncle, niece or nephew constitutes a felony of the third degree. [82]  Other states also commonly prohibit marriages between such kins. [83]  The legality of sex with a half-aunt or half-uncle varies state by state. 84] Between adult siblings The most public case of consensual adult sibling incest in recent years is the case of a brother-sister couple from Germany,  Patrick Stubing  and Susan Karolewski. Because of violent behavior on the part of the father, the brother was taken in at the age of 3 by foster parents, who adopted him later. At the age of 23 he learned about his biological parents, contacted his mother, and met her and his then 16 year old sister for the first time. The now-adult brother moved in with his birth family shortly thereafter.After their mother died suddenly six months later, the couple became intimately close, and had their first child together in 2001. By 2004, they had four children together: Eric, Sarah, Nancy, and Sofia. The public nature of their relationship, and the repeatedprosecutions  and even jail time they have served as a result, has caused some in Germany to question whether incest between consenting adults should be punished at all. An article about them in  Der Spiegel  states that the couple are happy together. According to court records, the first three children have mental and physical disabilities, and have been placed in foster care. 6]  In April 2012, at the  European Court of Human Rights, Patrick Stuebing lost his case that the conviction violated his right to a private and family life. [85][86] Cousin relationships See also:  Cousin marriage  and  List of coupled cousins Marriages and sexual relationships between first cousins are stigmatized a s incest in some western cultures, but tolerated in most of the world. Currently, 24 states  US states, prohibit marriages between first cousins and another seven permit them only under special circumstances. 87]  Cousin marriages are rare, accounting for less than 1% of marriages in Western Europe, North America and Oceania, while reaching 9% in South America, East Asia and South Europe and up to 25% in regions of the Middle East, North Africa and South Asia. [88]  Communities such as the Dhond and the  Bhittani  of Pakistan clearly prefer marriages between cousins as believe they ensure purity of the descent line, provide intimate knowledge of the spouses, and ensure thatpatrimony  will not pass into the hands of â€Å"outsiders†. 89] Apart from the partial prohibition in the United States, there are some cultures in Asia which stigmatize cousin marriage, in some instances even marriages between second cousins or more remotely related people. This concerns notab ly the culture of  Korea, and some  Hindu  communities in India. In South Korea, before 1997, anyone with the same last name and clan were prohibited from marriage. In light of this law being held unconstitutional, South Korea now only prohibits up to third cousins (see  Article 809 of the Korean Civil Code).Hmong  culture prohibits the marriage of anyone with the same last name – to do so would result in being shunned by the entire community, and they are usually stripped of their last name. In  Western Australia  over 500 marriages are between cousins. In a review of 48 studies on the children parented by cousins, most of the babies born to cousins were healthy contrary to the popular perception, with birth defects being 4% of births for consanguineous couples as opposed to 2% for the general population. [90]  Inbreeding over many generations does increase risks however. citation needed] Incest defined through marriage Some cultures include relatives by marr iage in incest prohibitions; these relationships are called  affinity  rather than  consanguinity. For example, the question of the legality and morality of a widower who wished to marry his  deceased wife's sister  was the subject of long and fierce debate in the  United Kingdom  in the 19th century, involving, among others,  Matthew Boulton. [91][92]  In medieval Europe, standing as a  godparent  to a child also created a bond of affinity. citation needed]  But in other societies, a deceased spouse's sibling was considered the ideal person to marry. The Hebrew Bible forbids a man from marrying his brother's widow with the exception that, if his brother died childless, the man is instead required to marry his brother's widow so as to â€Å"raise up seed to him† (taken from Deuteronomy 25:5–6). According to Islamic ideology, marriage among close blood relations like parents, siblings, the children of siblings, aunts and uncles is prohibited. Fir st or second cousins may marry.Marrying the widow of a brother, or the sister of deceased or divorced wife is allowed in Islam. ————————————————- Inbreeding Main article:  Inbreeding Incest that results in offspring is a form of close  inbreeding  (reproduction between two individuals with a common ancestor). Inbreeding leads to a higher probability of  congenital birth defectsbecause it increases that proportion of zygotes that are  homozygous, in particular for deleterious  recessive alleles  that produce such disorders[93]  (and see  Inbreeding depression#Inbreeding depression and natural selection).Because most such alleles are rare in populations, it is unlikely that two unrelated marriage partners will both be heterozygous carriers. However, because close relatives  share a large fraction of their alleles, the probability that any such rare delete rious allele present in the common ancestor will be inherited from both related parents is increased dramatically with respect to non-inbred couples. Contrary to common belief, inbreeding does not in itself alter allele frequencies, but rather increases the relative proportion of homozygotes to heterozygotes.However, because the increased proportion of deleterious homozygotes exposes the allele to  natural selection, in the long run its frequency decreases more rapidly in inbred population. In the short term, incestuous reproduction is expected to produce increases in spontaneous abortions of zygotes, perinatal deaths, and postnatal offspring with birth defects. [94] There may also be other deleterious effects besides those caused by recessive diseases. Thus, similar  immune systems  may be more vulnerable to infectious diseases (see  Major histocompatibility complex and sexual selection). 95] A 1994 study found a mean excess mortality with inbreeding among first cousins of 4. 4%. [96]  Children of parent-child or sibling-sibling unions are at increased risk compared to cousin-cousin unions. Studies suggest that 20-36% of these children will die or have major disability due to the inbreeding. [13]  A study of 29 offspring resulting from brother-sister or father-daughter incest found that 20 had congenital abnormalities, including four directly attributable to autosomal recessive alleles. 97] ————————————————- Animals Main article:  Animal sexual behavior Many mammal species including humanity's closest  primate  relatives tend to avoid close inbreeding, especially if there are alternative partners available. [98]  However some chimpanzees have been recorded attempting to mate with their mothers. [99]  Male rats have been recorded engaging in mating with their sisters, but they tend to prefer non-related females over their sister s. 100] Livestock  breeders often practice controlled breeding to eliminate undesirable characteristics within a population, which is also coupled with  culling  of what is considered unfit offspring, especially when trying to establish a new and desirable trait in the stock. ————————————————- In popular culture Main article:  Incest in popular culture Incest is a somewhat popular topic in English  erotic fiction; there are entire collections and websites devoted solely to this genre, with an entire genre of pornographic  pulp fiction  known as â€Å"incest novels†. ———————————————— Laws Main article:  Laws regarding incest Incest is illegal in many jurisdictions. The exact legal definition of â€Å"incest,† including the nature of t he relationship between persons, and the types sexual activity, varies by country, and by even individual states or provinces within a country. These laws can also extend to marriage between subject individuals. In most places, incest is illegal, regardless of the ages of the two partners. In other places, incestuous relationships between two consenting adults (with the age varying by location) are permitted.Such countries where it is permissible and legal, includes for example the  Netherlands,  France, and  Spain. In  Sweden  the only type of incestuous relationship allowed by law is that between half-siblings and they must seek government counseling before marriage. [101] A jurisdiction's definition of an incestuous relationship will also limit who a person is permitted to marry. Some jurisdictions forbid first-cousins to marry, while others limit the prohibition to brothers, sisters, mothers, fathers, aunts and uncles. ——————â €”—————————- [edit]Religious views edit]Jewish Main articles:  Incest in the Bible  and  Jewish views on incest In three places in the  Torah, there are lists of family members between whom it is prohibited to have sexual relations; each of these lists is progressively shorter. The biblical lists are not symmetrical – the implied rules for women and men are not the same. Relationships compare as follows:   Ã‚  Forbidden for men Forbidden for women Forbidden for both men and women | Holiness Code| Deuteronomic Code| | Leviticus 18| Leviticus 20| | Grandparent's spouse (including other grandparent)| | | | Parent's spouse| Parent| | | | Stepparent| | | | Parent-in-law| | | | Uncle/aunt| Parent's sibling| | | | | Uncle's/aunt's spouse| Father's sibling's spouse| | | | | | Mother's sibling's spouse| | Parent's child| Half-Sibling (mother's side)| | | | | Father's child| Sibling| | | | | | Half-sibling (fa ther's side)| | | | Step sibling| | Sibling-in-law (if the spouse was still alive)| | | | Nephew/niece| Sibling's child| | | | | Nephew/niece-in-law| Spouse's brother's child| | | | | | Spouse's sister's child| | Spouse's child| Child| | | | | Stepchild| | | | Child-in-law| | | |Spouse's grandchild (including grandchild)| | | | Apart from the questionable case of the daughter, the first incest list in the Holiness code roughly produces the same rules as were followed in early (pre-Islamic) Arabic culture;[102]  in  Islam, these pre-existing rules were made statutory. [103] In the 4th century BCE, the  Soferim  (scribes) declared that there were relationships within which marriage constituted incest, in addition to those mentioned by the Torah. These additional relationships were termed  seconds  (Hebrew:  sheniyyot), and included the wives of a man's grandfather and grandson. 104]  The classical rabbis prohibited marriage between a man and any of these  seconds   of his, on the basis that doing so would act as a  safeguard  against infringing the biblical incest rules,[105]  although there was inconclusive debate about exactly what the limits should be for the definition of  seconds. [102] Marriages forbidden in the Torah were regarded by the rabbis of the Middle Ages as invalid – as if they had never occurred;[106]  any children born to such a couple were regarded as  Jewish bastards,[106]  and the relatives of the spouse were not regarded as forbidden relations for a further marriage. 107]  On the other hand, those relationships which were prohibited due to qualifying asseconds, and so forth, were regarded as wicked, but still valid;[106]  while they might have pressured such a couple to divorce, any children of the union were still seen as legitimate. [106] Christian In the Roman Catholic Church, marriage is generally not permitted if the potential spouses are related in the collateral line up to and including the second degree, although a dispensation may be granted permitting marriages etween first cousins or even uncle/niece unions as in the marriage of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor to his niece, and first cousin, Margarita Teresa of Spain in 1666. [citation needed]  The Church does not generally permit the marriage if a doubt exists on whether the potential spouses are related by consanguinity in any degree of the direct line or in the second degree of the collateral line. [108] In the  Eastern Orthodox Church, marriages are banned between second cousins or closer and between second uncles / aunts and second nieces / nephews (between first cousins once removed) or closer.Also, marriages that produce children that are closer genetic relatives than legal are also not permitted (unless the genetic relationship does allow marriage between those children). For example, two siblings may not marry two other siblings because legally their children will be cousins, but genetically they'll be half-siblings. On the other hand, two siblings may marry two cousins. [citation needed] The  Anglican Communion  allows marriages up to and including first cousins. But in all of the three preceding Christian churches, marriages to uncles, aunts, relatives in the direct line, or their respective spouses are not allowed. citation needed] Islamic Main article:  Mahram The  Quran  gives specific rules regarding incest, which prohibit a man from marrying or having sexual relationships with: * his father's wife[109]  (his mother,[110]  or stepmother[110]), his mother-in-law, a woman from whom he has nursed, even the children of this woman[110] * either parent's sister (aunt),[110] * his sister, his half sister, a woman who has nursed from the same woman as he, his sister-in-law (wife's sister) while still married. Half relations are as sacred as are the full relations. 110] * his niece (child of sibling),[110] * his daughter, his stepdaughter (if the marriage to her mother had been  consummated), his daughter-in-law. [110]| The main differences (apart from relationships between a man and his daughter) are: * a woman from  whom he has nursed * a woman who has  nursed from the same woman  as he * a niece| A  Hadith  also prohibits marriage to a woman and her parent's sister at the same time. [111]  The same applies for a woman with the male counterparts to the aforementioned. [edit]HinduHinduism  speaks of incest in abhorrent terms. Hindus are fearful of the bad effects of incest and thus practice strict rules of both  endogamy  and  exogamy  within  castes  (Varna) but not in the same family tree (gotra) or bloodline (Pravara). Marriages within the gotra (â€Å"swagotra† marriages) are banned under the rule of exogamy in the traditional matrimonial system. [112]  People within the gotra are regarded as kin and marrying such a person would be thought of as incest. i. e. Marriage with paternal cousins is strictly proh ibited. 113]  In fact marriage between two people whose parents are related paternally up to seven generations is expressly prohibited. Gotra is transferred down the male lineage while the Gotra of a female changes upon marriage. i. e. , upon marriage a woman belongs to her husband's Gotra and no longer belongs to her father's Gotra. Hence marriage with a person having same Gotra as of the original  Gotras  of grandparents is prohibited[citation needed]. Nevertheless, in  Tamil Nadu  of Southern India, Marriage with maternal cousins and marriages between Maternal Uncle and Niece were widely in practice a few decades back.However the tradition of getting married to maternal uncle has declined considerably now and may soon become a relic of the past. In matrilinial societies of  Kerala  marriage between first cousins were common. It is said to have helped in preserving family wealth. Buddhist Buddhist  societies take a strong ethical stand in human affairs and sexual b ehavior in particular. Most variations of Buddhism decide locally about the details of incest as a wrongdoing, according to local cultural standards. [114]  Sexual misconduct is mentioned but the definition of what constitutes misconduct sex is an individual issue. 115]  The most common formulation of Buddhist ethics are the  Five Precepts  and the  Noble Eightfold Path: one should neither be attached to nor crave sensual pleasure. These precepts take the form of voluntary, personal undertakings, not divine mandate or instruction. The third of the Five Precepts is â€Å"To refrain from committing sexual misconduct†. ‘Sexual misconduct' means any sexual conduct involving violence, manipulation or deceit – conduct that therefore leads to suffering and trouble. [116]  Buddhist monks and nuns strictly forbid any type of sexual misconduct but incest is not specifically efined as sexual misconduct, and therefore depends on the culture of the area, not on ma ndate from Buddhism itself. However, there are no enforced rules for laypeople in Buddhism, only guidance. Incest Incest  is sexual contact between persons who are so closely related that their marriage is illegal (e. g. , parents and children, uncles/aunts and nieces/nephews, etc. ). This usually takes the form of an older family member sexually abusing a child or adolescent. Laws vary from place to place regarding what constitutes incest, child sexual abuse, sexual assault, and rape. How common is Incest?There are very few reliable statistics about how often incest occurs. It’s difficult to know how many people are affected by incest because many incest situations never get reported. There are many reasons that the victim might not report the abuse. * The victim has been told that what is happening is normal or happens in every family, and doesn’t realize that it is a form of abuse * The victim may not know that help is available or who they can talk to * The victi m may be afraid of what will happen if they tell someone * The abuser may have threatened the victim The victim may care about the abuser and be afraid of what will happen to the abuser if they tell * The victim may be afraid of what will happen to them if they tell * The victim may also be concerned about how many people will react when they hear about the abuse * They may be afraid that no one will believe them or that the person they confide in will tell the abuser * The victim may be afraid that people will accuse them of having done something wrong What makes Incest different than child sexual abuse?All forms of child sexual abuse can have negative long-term effects for the victim. You can read about some of those effects  here. Incest is especially damaging because it disrupts the child’s primary support system, the family. * When a child is abused by someone outside the family, the child’s family is often able to offer support and a sense of safety. * When the abuser is someone in the family, the family may not be able to provide support or a sense of safety.Since the children (especially younger children) often have limited resources outside the family, it can be very hard for them to recover from incest * Incest can damage a child’s ability to trust, since the people who were supposed to protect and care for them have abused them. * Survivors of incest sometimes have difficulty developing trusting relationships * It can also be very damaging for a child if a non-abusing parent is aware of the abuse and chooses—for whatever reason—not to take action to stop it. * There are many reasons that a non-abusing parent might not stop the abuse. The non-abusing parent may feel that they are dependent on the abuser for shelter or income. * If the non-abusing parent was the victim of incest as a child, they may think that this is normal for families. * The non-abusing parent may feel that allowing the incest to continue is the only way to keep their partner. * The non-abusing parent may feel that their child was â€Å"asking for it† by behaving in ways that the parent perceives as provocative or seductive. * Unfortunately, many non-abusing parents are aware of the incest and choose not to get their child out of the situation, or worse, to blame their child for what has happened.This makes the long-term effects of incest worse. INCEST Liberalisation and the development of society have led to many forms of sexuality to be accepted. Something which was considered as scandalous is now more or less normal. If you search the term â€Å"incest† online, you will get the impression that this is yet another variation of normal human sexuality. Still, scientists claim that incest is sexual perversion which often signalises the family`s dysfunctional trait. Incest usually occurs in socially isolated families and points to pathologic relations within the family. What is it and what are its consequences? Incest  is defined as sexual intercourse or any form of sexual activity between closely related persons, especially within the immediate family. Incest between an adult and a child is known asinterfamilial child sexual abuse. – Even one third of child abusers are the parent or their spouse which is not the child`s birth parent. Relatives or close family friends are the abuser in 85 percent of child sexual abuse cases – doctor Gordana Buljan Flander told us. Children who suffered such sexual abuse have serious and long-term psychological damage, especially if parental incest is in question.Adults who experienced incest in their childhood tend to suffer from low self-esteem, they have difficulties in interpersonal relationships, sexual dysfunction and are at an extremely high risk of many mental disorders, experts claim. Variations to the theme There are several types of incest: Parent-child  is one of most common types of incest and statistics show it is usually fat her-daughter or stepfather-daughter incest. Other reports include mother-son incest or stepmother-son incest, while father-son incest is rarely reported. Sibling incest  is considered to be widespread, although experts believe it is rarely reported.Research conducted by scientist Floyd Martinson at an American university yielded interesting results. 10-15 percent of students admitted to having sexual experience with a brother or sister. Of those, 30% reported negative reactions and 30% reported positive reactions. A similar study conducted in 1993 in the USA showed that 16 percent out of 930 adults were sexually abused by their brother or sister before turning 18. This form of incest is often reported in families where the parents are often absent or are emotionally unavailable.Apart from these forms, there is incest that occurs between  cousins. Some countries believe marriage or sexual relationship of a widow/widower and a brother or sister of the deceased spouse is somewhat i ncestuous. – Psychiatry puts incest next to paraphilia, i. e. pathologic sexual activities which is a group name for every sexual activity that is considered unnatural in psychology and sexology. Apart from incest, paraphilia also includes paedophilia, sadism, masochism, sexual fetishism, exhibitionism, voyeurism, necrophilia, nymphomania†¦ Some are legally regulated, others are not.Also, there is a thin line for some: if unusual sexual activity is in question which the majority of people do not practice, a sexual disorder or behaviour which is morally condemned by the society – said doctor Domagoj Stimac, psychiatrist of Zagreb`s Policlinic for the protection of children. Why does incest happen? Science has not yet determined what makes people attracted to one person and repelled by others. – Sexual attraction is largely credited  to something we all know as `brain chemistry`, i. e. the central nervous system.Also, upbringing and earliest childhood exper ience affects who we will be attracted to. Still, scientists have yet to determine the exact `cause` why we are attracted to some people – doctor Stimac told us. Not fantasy, but reality There is a new case of incest in the media every  now and then, reminding us of the fact that it is an actual occurrence and not something that happens somewhere else. At the beginning of last year, a German court sentenced a 38-year-old man to 2 years and 3 months in prison for forcing his wife to have sexual intercourse with their teenage son.The first time she slept with him, he was only 15. After several times she was forced to have sexual intercourse, the wife reported the case to the police. What if love is in question? Recently, a story was published in Germany about a brother and sister, Susan (22) and Patrick (29), who are living together and have 4 children. Despite the fact Patrick has spent more than 2 years in prison and the environment cannot accept them, they are fighting to legalise their relationship and think banning incest means â€Å"denying sexual freedom†. They love each other and want to live together in a real marital union.Although aware their love is unusual to say the least, they do not want to give it up. Another case is a sexual-love affair between 61-year Australian and his 39-year-old daughter, who made their relationship public during a TV show when their daughter was born. – Incest is actually much more common than we would think, i. e. hope. It is more common in primitive societies, but it is still present in developed ones. This can be concluded from so called xxx websites, which offer us stories, photos and films with incestuous sexual relations.Still, incest is still a taboo, few people dare to openly speak about it – doctor Domagoj Stimac believes. INCEST Incest is one of the most interesting taboos of our time. The definition of incest is a highly controversial topic. Yet, the definition of incest is one of t he most important definitions for the people involved, though the legal and psychological meanings are not much the same. Incest needs to be similarly defined for the incestuous parties, both by the law and by psychologists. The definition of incest should be determined by the cases of incest.The people who commit incest and the types of incest should be considered when making this definition for the law. Why incest occurs has a great deal to do with the people and the types of incest. With the definition dissimilar between the law and psychologists, it is very difficult for the involved to do anything about it. The definition is both stated as wrong by law and by most religious morals. According to psychologists, incest is defined as: A) any intimate physical contact that is sexually arousing between non-married members of a  family. Justice, pg 25) What this is interpreted as is that sexual intercourse does not need to occur for a situation to be considered incestuous. Stroking, fondling, or even intimately kissing can be considered incest. This is not all true for the legal definition. In Georgia, incest is defined as any sexual intercourse between known relatives, by blood or by marriage, (meaning a step-parent and step-child. ) Incest laws basically exist to prohibit marriage or inbreeding between family members, and the sentences are almost never carried out. Kosof, pg 53) So incest is stated as wrong, but not enforced. The Bible states that incest is wrong, just as the law does. A Cursed be he who has relations with his father’s wife†¦ Cursed be he who has relations with his sister or half-sister! (Deu 27:20,22. )  Therefore, the definition can be altered to fit the needs of the definer. The different forms of incest are as follows: father-daughter, mother-son, brother-sister, and father-son. Conditions of incest don’t always involve intercourse, but still hurt the included. So, the conditions should help to define the firm meanin g. But surely at fourteen, I should have been capable of escaping†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Armstrong, pg 7)Father-daughter is the most common form of incest. Three-fourths of all reported cases usually involve dad and his oldest daughter. It is usually non-violent, and the daughters usually feel unattached to their mothers. (Kempe, pgs 48-51) Sometimes the daughter may act in a seductive manner toward her father, or the father might act as a big brother forcing his little sister to misbehave. (Armstrong, pg 235) If the daughter is seductive, then she might gain power over her father.This is not always true for mother-son incest. Mother-son incest is usually brought on as a way to highly express love, â€Å"sex education†, or the mother is promiscuous. If the mother feels like she is expressing her love to her son, then she uses sex as a means of closeness. (Justice, pg 102) There is either no husband or a passive husband. The mother can be very seductive and encourage the son to have s ex with her and limits the son’s social life. She acts on a â€Å"don’t leave me† attitude to keep her son tied down. Sometimes the son gets aroused my his mother and then becomes the aggressor. Justice, pg 103) If he isn’t attracted to mom, why not be attracted to his sister? This is the case in brother-sister, or sibling incest. It is less traumatic and the male participant may be proud about it. The brothers can become violent and force their sister to join in, although usually the sister is willing to participate. (Justice, pg 105) When both of the children are shy, the girl sees him as the only boyfriend she will ever have and becomes flirtatious. The two could also have mutual admiration, and then become sexually attracted to each other.This leads into the most rarely reported incest of the four. Father-son incest is rarely reported because it violates two taboos, homosexuality and incest. (Justice, 196) Males want to protect their masculinity, so t hey will not tell anyone. They pretend to like girls, and they date them, but tend to be attracted to boys. When they move out of the house, they sometimes choose to be a male prostitute. The fathers can be alcoholic and very abusive. The fathers of any incestuous relationship can have psychopathic or symbiotic personalities.Him who has a psychopathic personality seeks  stimulation, and has a â€Å"get even† aggressiveness. No feelings of guilt and a powerful need for aggression seem to happen often in most cases. â€Å"I literally could not walk out of the house without my father wanting to know where I was going, with whom, and when I would be back. †(Kosof, pg 17) He may be promiscuous or pansexual, (meaning that all he can think about is sex. Everything is a sex object to him. ) (Justice, pgs 83-85) The father with a symbiotic personality hungers for intimacy. The only way of expression he knows is through sex.There are four types of symbiotic personalities. The introvert, the rationalizer, the tyrant, and the alcoholic. The introvert is very protective toward his family and fells Aunder attack. â€Å"He cannot trust people and is easily disappointed. † The wife usually denies him sex. The rationalizer shows what â€Å"love† is, or teaches â€Å"sex education† to his daughter. The tyrant is the authoritarian; he uses threats and physical force to get what he wants. He pretends to have everything under control and hides the problem at home. His daughter â€Å"owes† him sex.He is very jealous and paranoid. The alcoholic is a dependant, although he tries to hide it. 10-15% of incest committers are alcoholics. Mothers share most of the characteristics of the father. The mothers may be promiscuous and long to be taken care of. Incest might begin as innocent sleeping with her son and then drifts into more physical things. She is not likely to have intercourse with her son, but she implies that someday she will give her self fully to the son, which can lead to the son being a violator, which is rare because the children of incest are mostly victims. Justice, pg 145)†Sex is not sex for the incest survivor. † (Blume, pg 207) Different children of incest act in different ways. It mainly depends on how the incest was brought about. Some may act untouched by the experience and seldom are able to defend themselves. When they reach adulthood, the might start experiencing flashbacks or amnesia. They live in denial and have an emotional shutdown. (Blume, pg 322) Sometimes they result in schizophrenia or multiple personality disorders. They also seem to have sexual shutdowns and are uncomfortable with it. But why does this occur?Incest usually occurs when sex stops between mother and father. Mom either denies dad sex, there is a major life crisis, or opportunity knocks. The opportunity for incest occurs when mother is gone all the time and so the daughter assumes the role of the mother. When this happens, there is a need for treatment. This is when the definition of incest is most important. The children are very scared and need confidence. If he/she tells a psychologist or teacher, that person is required by law to tell the authorities. (Kosof, pg 53) When the authorities are contacted, the definition comes into play.The child wants to feel safe, and if their definition of incest doesn’t live up to the law’s, then the charges could be dropped and the child gets into more problems with incest. Therefore, the background of the incest is very important to the law’s definition. By the people involved, the form, and why it occurs are critical to helping the child out when defining the term. The definition of incest by the law should be closer to the definition of psychologists in order to help out the family. â€Å"It is evident that we still know very little about how to treat the sexual offender and the abused child effectively. † (Kempe, pg 109)

Saving Face

Saving Face was a romantic comedy unveiling the truth about how characters identity can cause personal and cultural conflicts. Will and Ma had been keeping a secret from their family making it hard for them to come to terms with themselves and connect with others. However, between it all, motifs were seen throughout the whole movie expressing thoughts, feelings and presence. For instance, Ma’s constant calls to Will, and tight camera angles in the movie symbolize an intrusion from the outside world. Through those motifs, food was the central motif. It expressed emotion, intimacy, and true feelings for an individual without anyone‘s influence in Saving Face. Food was the central motif in the romantic comedy Saving Face because it was the only reoccurring pattern that would show an individuals identity. However, Ma’s phone calls to Will and the tight camera angles in the movie made it captive for anyone to embrace their identity. The tight camera angles were able to show pain and scorn one was facing as they started to peal their identity away. As this would happen, one saw how hard it could be in being upfront and honest about themselves to others. When Ma was faced with explaining to her father she was pregnant, with no husband , the movie captured Ma boxed in. In this shot, Ma was in a room, sitting down closed in by the narrow hallway leading to where she was sitting. Her father was in the same room as her not seen, but only heard. This shows how the â€Å"outside† influences make it difficult to accept one’s state and affects making connections with others. Ma now felt she had to marry someone, even if she wasn’t interested in him. Will had witnessed her mother getting scolded by her grandfather (superior figure to Ma), thus, making it even more complicated and intimidating for Will to tell her family the secret (being a lesbian and having a partner; Vivian). Throughout, Saving Face, Ma would call Will, ironically, just as soon as an intimate scene with Vivian would come on. This is a motif because it was a constant reminder of how big of an impact the Chinese culture and family traditions were on Will. Anything outside of Chinese tradition was frowned upon by her family. Especially with how hard Ma would try to set Will up with a date at the family gatherings, Will knew how hard it would be in being accepted. Will being a lesbian would cause havoc in her family and would have her disowned from the elders in her family. Just as they wouldn’t accept Ma, they would do likewise to Will. When Ma would call Will, while she was with Vivian, Will would randomly start acting distant towards Vivian and rush to go home. Vivian would respond to this in confusion and at a lost of words with knowing how Will felt for her. Ma’s phone calls made it hard for Will to not only be honest to her family, but to herself. If you aren’t true to who you are, no one is going to be able to see who you want to be looked as. This motif symbolized a wall in the relationship with Vivian and Will. Ma’s constant phone calls and the tight camera angles were both symbolic of Will v. Vivian, Will v. her family, and Will v. herself. These specific motifs were the block to help Will capture her true identity and share it with others. Will knowing she is a lesbian and coming out to it is hard enough on a person. However, with Will’s family and traditional culture having such an impact/influence on her life makes it even more of a complex situation because she doesn’t want to shame her family. However, this leads to food being the central motif because unlike the two other motifs food captivates sincere feelings/expression. Food was able to capture an identity of an individual in Saving Face without the fret of anyone judging you, forming it to be the central motif. Food can be seen as comfort for a person. For instance, when Ma was watching porn she had traditional comfort food alongside her. Food was capable of showing that Ma is interested in seeing/learning new things. As a result, this shows that Ma isn’t all for keeping with tradition. Also, in the beginning of the movie food was capable of capturing a mutual interest between Will and Vivian at the vending machine. Food expresses the truth in a situation. It lets one block out any outside influences. Food is the central motif because its able to form connections with others and to connect with oneself. Food shows a deeper meaning and understanding to a situation. Saving Face is a romantic comedy that shows how traditions can have an individual lead a life of lies affecting not only themselves, but others. Tradition in a family is very hard to break out of and is especially most important to elders of a family.